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Timely opportunity to test the performance of the proposed multi-vendor solutions and compatibility of all their components allows reduce the lifetime of the project, minimize customers’ costs and ensure the maximum reliability of implemented systems.<br />\r\nThe main achievement of the company is the number of large implemented projects since 2007.<br />\r\n“Technoserv Ukraine” customers are the largest enterprises of key industries: leading fixed and mobile operators, industry enterprises, financial organizations and banks, energy complex enterprises. Among the company's customers are: Vodafone Ukraine, lifecell, VOLIA, Raffaisen Bank Aval, SBERBANK, Alfa-Bank, Ukrenergo, insurance company &quot;Oranta&quot;​ and others.<br /><br />“Technoserv Ukraine” company has acquired a reputation of a reliable and competent business partner among its customers, thanks to a team of professionals, flexible project management system, well-functioning system of quality management and innovative approaches. 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It is a member of the NASDAQ-100, and has ranked in the Fortune 500 since 2012. Founded in 1992 with an IPO in 1995, NetApp offers software, systems and services to manage and store data, including its proprietary Data ONTAP operating system.\r\nSource: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NetApp","companyTypes":[],"products":{},"vendoredProductsCount":6,"suppliedProductsCount":6,"supplierImplementations":[],"vendorImplementations":[],"userImplementations":[],"userImplementationsCount":0,"supplierImplementationsCount":0,"vendorImplementationsCount":1,"vendorPartnersCount":0,"supplierPartnersCount":7,"b4r":0,"categories":{},"companyUrl":"www.netapp.com","countryCodes":[],"certifications":[],"isSeller":false,"isSupplier":false,"isVendor":false,"presenterCodeLng":"","seo":{"title":"NetApp","keywords":"NetApp, data, manage, including, 1995, store, systems, offers","description":"NetApp, Inc. is an American multinational storage and data management company headquartered in Sunnyvale, California. It is a member of the NASDAQ-100, and has ranked in the Fortune 500 since 2012. Founded in 1992 with an IPO in 1995, NetApp offers software, s","og:title":"NetApp","og:description":"NetApp, Inc. is an American multinational storage and data management company headquartered in Sunnyvale, California. It is a member of the NASDAQ-100, and has ranked in the Fortune 500 since 2012. Founded in 1992 with an IPO in 1995, NetApp offers software, s","og:image":"https://old.roi4cio.com/uploads/roi/company/netapp.png"},"eventUrl":""}],"products":[{"id":5031,"logo":false,"scheme":false,"title":"NetApp FAS3200 series","vendorVerified":0,"rating":"0.00","implementationsCount":1,"suppliersCount":0,"alias":"netapp-fas3200-series","companyTypes":[],"description":"The FAS3200 series is designed for faster performance and more bandwidth with proven NetApp availability.\r\nCombining reliable, high-performance hardware with the world’s most popular storage architecture — the NetApp® Data ONTAP® operating system — NetApp FAS3200 series lets you seamlessly scale your storage infrastructure to support demanding business applications and requirements, no matter how quickly your organization changes.\r\nThe FAS3200 series is a midrange platform tailored to deliver the performance, expandability, and capacity scaling critical to the needs of your organization. Fully Flash-ready systems support internal Flash, solid- state disks (SSDs), and advanced server cache, so you can achieve optimum performance while minimizing your total investment in Flash. This significantly reduces the total storage capacity you need.\r\nThe ability to scale FAS3200 performance and capacity without disrupting operations brings a new level of agility to midrange storage. As capacity requirements grow, NetApp clustering technology allows seamless scaling of devices, storage volumes, and even entire storage systems residing within a cluster.\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: bold;\">Flash performance</span>\r\nDesigned to deliver more performance than ever before, new FAS3200 models provide up to 80% more I/O per second, enabling you to drive your organization faster. As needs change you can boost performance further using the broad range of Flash products in the NetApp Virtual Storage Tier. This innovative approach combines the inherent latency and throughput benefits of Flash with intelligent caching capabilities, delivering the performance benefits of Flash while keeping total costs low.\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: bold;\">Highly efficient systems</span>\r\nAt NetApp, storage efficiency is part of the DNA. NetApp seeks out every way possible to reduce your cost per effective gigabyte of storage. What’s more, the NetApp OnCommand® management suite automates the process. Efficiency technologies can be invoked with the click of a button or—in the case of NetApp Workflow Automation—can be encapsulated in your data management policies. This further reduces administrator time and helps you achieve optimum storage efficiency throughout your data infrastructure.\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: bold;\">Reliability and availability</span>\r\nThe FAS3200 series is built on the proven enterprise-class availability of the NetApp storage infrastructure. The FAS3200 models leverage from high-end systems by introducing features such as<br />Alternate Control Path (ACP) and service processor. These enhance our already highly available architecture by enabling additional diagnostics and non disruptive recovery.\r\nHA and cluster configurations support nondisruptive maintenance, upgrade, and other operations to eliminate planned downtime and provide even greater availability to meet your needs. You can further boost data availability and meet stringent servicelevel objectives by combining the FAS3200 series with the NetApp Integrated Data Protection portfolio. High-speed, space-efficient Snapshot copies let you capture a copy of a data volume in seconds, while advanced synchronous and asynchronous replication for business continuity can protect you against both planned and unplanned outages. Deduplication and compression are leveraged across both primary and secondary storage, reducing capacity consumption and network usage.\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: bold;\">Maximum platform flexibility</span>\r\nFor midrange storage, the key to success is platform flexibility.<br />FAS3200 models scale from a few terabytes to over 2PB of storage capacity to adapt readily to your growing storage demands. For maximum performance density and to decrease consumption of space, power, and cooling, the FAS3200 series is available with the DS2246 disk shelf. This disk shelf utilizes the latest high-performance hard-disk technology, with small-form-factor 2.5” disk drives that double the capacity per rack unit, conserving valuable data center resources. With midrange storage, available expansion slots can be a limiting factor.<br />The expanded I/O configurations of the FAS3250 model significantly add to the number of PCIe expansion slots available for network cards, Flash cards, and storage connectivity. Should you reach the limits of a FAS3200 system, all models support clustering, providing you with the flexibility to build clustered systems from 2 nodes to 24 nodes—all managed from a single console.","shortDescription":"NetApp FAS3200 series is designed for faster performance and more bandwidth with proven NetApp availability","type":null,"isRoiCalculatorAvaliable":false,"isConfiguratorAvaliable":false,"bonus":100,"usingCount":1,"sellingCount":16,"discontinued":0,"rebateForPoc":0,"rebate":0,"seo":{"title":"NetApp FAS3200 series","keywords":"","description":"The FAS3200 series is designed for faster performance and more bandwidth with proven NetApp availability.\r\nCombining reliable, high-performance hardware with the world’s most popular storage architecture — the NetApp® Data ONTAP® operating system — NetApp FAS3","og:title":"NetApp FAS3200 series","og:description":"The FAS3200 series is designed for faster performance and more bandwidth with proven NetApp availability.\r\nCombining reliable, high-performance hardware with the world’s most popular storage architecture — the NetApp® Data ONTAP® operating system — NetApp FAS3"},"eventUrl":"","translationId":5032,"dealDetails":null,"roi":null,"price":null,"bonusForReference":null,"templateData":[],"testingArea":"","categories":[{"id":7,"title":"Storage - General-Purpose Disk Arrays","alias":"storage-general-purpose-disk-arrays","description":" General-purpose disk arrays refer to disk storage systems that work together with specialized array controllers to achieve high data transfer. They are designed to fulfill the requirement of a diverse set of workloads such as databases, virtual desktop infrastructure, and virtual networks. The market size in the study represents the revenue generated through various deployment modes such as NAS, SAN, and DAS. Some of the technologies used in the general-purpose disk arrays market include PATA, SATA, and SCSI. The application areas of general-purpose disk arrays include BFSI, IT, government, education &amp; research, healthcare, and manufacturing.\r\nGeneral-Purpose Disk Arrays market in BFSI accounts for the largest revenue. IT industry and governments are investing heavily in the general-purpose disk arrays, as a huge amount of voluminous data is getting generated which requires high storage capacity to store the classified data for analytics purpose and consumer insights. General-Purpose Disk Arrays market in healthcare is expected to show robust growth during the forecast period, as hospitals are adopting the latest technology with huge storage spaces in an attempt to track the patient history for providing better healthcare facilities.\r\nThe global general-purpose disk arrays market is fragmented owing to the presence of a large number of local and regional players, which intensifies the degree of rivalry. The market is growing at a notable pace, which leads to high intensity of rivalry. Key market players such as Dell EMC, HPE, and IBM Corporation seek to gain market share through continuous innovations in storage technology. Some of the other key players operating in a market are Hitachi, Seagate Technologies, NetApp, Promise Technologies, Quantum Corporation, Oracle Corporation, Fujitsu, DataDirect Networks, and Infortrend Technology Inc. Key competitors are specifically focusing on Asia-Pacific and Middle-East &amp; Africa regions, as they show strong tendency to adopt the general-purpose disk arrays in coming years.","materialsDescription":"<span style=\"font-weight: bold;\">What are the characteristics of storage?</span>\r\nStorage technologies at all levels of the storage hierarchy can be differentiated by evaluating certain core characteristics as well as measuring characteristics specific to a particular implementation. These core characteristics are volatility, mutability, accessibility, and addressability. For any particular implementation of any storage technology, the characteristics worth measuring are capacity and performance.\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-style: italic;\"><span style=\"font-weight: bold;\">Volatility</span></span>\r\nNon-volatile memory retains the stored information even if not constantly supplied with electric power. It is suitable for long-term storage of information. Volatile memory requires constant power to maintain the stored information. The fastest memory technologies are volatile ones, although that is not a universal rule. Since the primary storage is required to be very fast, it predominantly uses volatile memory.\r\nDynamic random-access memory is a form of volatile memory that also requires the stored information to be periodically reread and rewritten, or refreshed, otherwise it would vanish. Static random-access memory is a form of volatile memory similar to DRAM with the exception that it never needs to be refreshed as long as power is applied; it loses its content when the power supply is lost.\r\nAn uninterruptible power supply (UPS) can be used to give a computer a brief window of time to move information from primary volatile storage into non-volatile storage before the batteries are exhausted. Some systems, for example EMC Symmetrix, have integrated batteries that maintain volatile storage for several minutes.\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-style: italic;\"><span style=\"font-weight: bold;\">Mutability</span></span>\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: bold;\">Read/write storage or mutable storage</span>\r\n<div class=\"indent\">Allows information to be overwritten at any time. A computer without some amount of read/write storage for primary storage purposes would be useless for many tasks. Modern computers typically use read/write storage also for secondary storage.</div>\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: bold;\">Slow write, fast read storage</span>\r\n<div class=\"indent\">Read/write storage which allows information to be overwritten multiple times, but with the write operation being much slower than the read operation. Examples include CD-RW and SSD.</div>\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: bold;\">Write once storage</span>\r\n<div class=\"indent\">Write Once Read Many (WORM) allows the information to be written only once at some point after manufacture. Examples include semiconductor programmable read-only memory and CD-R.</div>\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: bold;\">Read only storage</span>\r\n<div class=\"indent\">Retains the information stored at the time of manufacture. Examples include mask ROM ICs and CD-ROM.</div>\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-style: italic;\"><span style=\"font-weight: bold;\">Accessibility</span></span>\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: bold;\">Random access</span>\r\n<div class=\"indent\">Any location in storage can be accessed at any moment in approximately the same amount of time. Such characteristic is well suited for primary and secondary storage. Most semiconductor memories and disk drives provide random access.</div>\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: bold;\">Sequential access</span>\r\n<div class=\"indent\">The accessing of pieces of information will be in a serial order, one after the other; therefore the time to access a particular piece of information depends upon which piece of information was last accessed. Such characteristic is typical of off-line storage.</div>\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-style: italic;\"><span style=\"font-weight: bold;\">Addressability</span></span>\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: bold;\">Location-addressable</span>\r\n<div class=\"indent\">Each individually accessible unit of information in storage is selected with its numerical memory address. In modern computers, location-addressable storage usually limits to primary storage, accessed internally by computer programs, since location-addressability is very efficient, but burdensome for humans.</div>\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: bold;\">File addressable</span>\r\n<div class=\"indent\">Information is divided into files of variable length, and a particular file is selected with human-readable directory and file names. The underlying device is still location-addressable, but the operating system of a computer provides the file system abstraction to make the operation more understandable. In modern computers, secondary, tertiary and off-line storage use file systems.</div>\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: bold;\">Content-addressable</span>\r\n<div class=\"indent\">Each individually accessible unit of information is selected based on the basis of (part of) the contents stored there. Content-addressable storage can be implemented using software (computer program) or hardware (computer device), with hardware being faster but more expensive option. Hardware content addressable memory is often used in a computer's CPU cache.</div>\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-style: italic;\"><span style=\"font-weight: bold;\">Capacity</span></span>\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: bold;\">Raw capacity</span>\r\n<div class=\"indent\">The total amount of stored information that a storage device or medium can hold. It is expressed as a quantity of bits or bytes (e.g. 10.4 megabytes).</div>\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: bold;\">Memory storage density</span>\r\n<div class=\"indent\">The compactness of stored information. It is the storage capacity of a medium divided with a unit of length, area or volume (e.g. 1.2 megabytes per square inch).</div>\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: bold;\"><span style=\"font-style: italic;\">Performance</span></span>\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: bold;\">Latency</span>\r\n<div class=\"indent\">The time it takes to access a particular location in storage. The relevant unit of measurement is typically nanosecond for primary storage, millisecond for secondary storage, and second for tertiary storage. It may make sense to separate read latency and write latency (especially for non-volatile memory[8]) and in case of sequential access storage, minimum, maximum and average latency.</div>\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: bold;\">Throughput</span>\r\n<div class=\"indent\">The rate at which information can be read from or written to the storage. In computer data storage, throughput is usually expressed in terms of megabytes per second (MB/s), though bit rate may also be used. As with latency, read rate and write rate may need to be differentiated. Also accessing media sequentially, as opposed to randomly, typically yields maximum throughput.</div>\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: bold;\">Granularity</span>\r\n<div class=\"indent\">The size of the largest &quot;chunk&quot; of data that can be efficiently accessed as a single unit, e.g. without introducing additional latency.</div>\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: bold;\">Reliability</span>\r\n<div class=\"indent\">The probability of spontaneous bit value change under various conditions, or overall failure rate.</div>\r\nUtilities such as hdparm and sar can be used to measure IO performance in Linux.\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-style: italic;\"><span style=\"font-weight: bold;\">Energy use</span></span>\r\n<ul><li>Storage devices that reduce fan usage, automatically shut-down during inactivity, and low power hard drives can reduce energy consumption by 90 percent.</li><li>2.5-inch hard disk drives often consume less power than larger ones. Low capacity solid-state drives have no moving parts and consume less power than hard disks. Also, memory may use more power than hard disks. Large caches, which are used to avoid hitting the memory wall, may also consume a large amount of power.</li></ul>\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-style: italic;\"><span style=\"font-weight: bold;\">Security</span></span>\r\nFull disk encryption, volume and virtual disk encryption, andor file/folder encryption is readily available for most storage devices.\r\nHardware memory encryption is available in Intel Architecture, supporting Total Memory Encryption (TME) and page granular memory encryption with multiple keys (MKTME) and in SPARC M7 generation since October 2015.","iconURL":"https://old.roi4cio.com/fileadmin/user_upload/icon_Storage_General_Purpose_Disk_Arrays.png"},{"id":503,"title":"Storage Networking","alias":"storage-networking","description":" A storage area network (SAN) or storage network is a computer network which provides access to consolidated, block-level data storage. SANs are primarily used to enhance accessibility of storage devices, such as disk arrays and tape libraries, to servers so that the devices appear to the operating system as locally-attached devices. A SAN typically is a dedicated network of storage devices not accessible through the local area network (LAN) by other devices, thereby preventing interference of LAN traffic in data transfer.\r\nThe cost and complexity of SANs dropped in the early 2000s to levels allowing wider adoption across both enterprise and small to medium-sized business environments.\r\nA SAN does not provide file abstraction, only block-level operations. However, file systems built on top of SANs do provide file-level access, and are known as shared-disk file systems.\r\nStorage area networks (SANs) are sometimes referred to as network behind the servers and historically developed out of the centralised data storage model, but with its own data network. A SAN is, at its simplest, a dedicated network for data storage. In addition to storing data, SANs allow for the automatic backup of data, and the monitoring of the storage as well as the backup process. A SAN is a combination of hardware and software. It grew out of data-centric mainframe architectures, where clients in a network can connect to several servers that store different types of data. To scale storage capacities as the volumes of data grew, direct-attached storage (DAS) was developed, where disk arrays or just a bunch of disks (JBODs) were attached to servers. In this architecture storage devices can be added to increase storage capacity. However, the server through which the storage devices are accessed is a single point of failure, and a large part of the LAN network bandwidth is used for accessing, storing and backing up data. To solve the single point of failure issue, a direct-attached shared storage architecture was implemented, where several servers could access the same storage device.\r\nDAS was the first network storage system and is still widely implemented where data storage requirements are not very high. Out of it developed the network-attached storage (NAS) architecture, where one or more dedicated file server or storage devices are made available in a LAN. Therefore, the transfer of data, particularly for backup, still takes place over the existing LAN. If more than a terabyte of data was stored at any one time, LAN bandwidth became a bottleneck. Therefore, SANs were developed, where a dedicated storage network was attached to the LAN, and terabytes of data are transferred over a dedicated high speed and bandwidth network. Within the storage network, storage devices are interconnected. Transfer of data between storage devices, such as for backup, happens behind the servers and is meant to be transparent. While in a NAS architecture data is transferred using the TCP and IP protocols over Ethernet, distinct protocols were developed for SANs, such as Fibre Channel, iSCSI, Infiniband. Therefore, SANs often have their own network and storage devices, which have to be bought, installed, and configured. This makes SANs inherently more expensive than NAS architectures.","materialsDescription":"<span style=\"font-weight: bold; \">What is storage virtualization?</span>\r\nA storage area network (SAN) is a dedicated high-speed network or subnetwork that interconnects and presents shared pools of storage devices to multiple servers.\r\nA SAN moves storage resources off the common user network and reorganizes them into an independent, high-performance network. This enables each server to access shared storage as if it were a drive directly attached to the server. When a host wants to access a storage device on the SAN, it sends out a block-based access request for the storage device.\r\nA storage area network is typically assembled using three principle components: cabling, host bus adapters (HBAs), and switches attached to storage arrays and servers. Each switch and storage system on the SAN must be interconnected, and the physical interconnections must support bandwidth levels that can adequately handle peak data activities. IT administrators manage storage area networks centrally.\r\nStorage arrays were initially all hard disk drive systems, but are increasingly populated with flash solid-state drives (SSDs).\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: bold; \">What storage area networks are used for?</span>\r\nFibre Channel (FC) SANs have the reputation of being expensive, complex and difficult to manage. Ethernet-based iSCSI has reduced these challenges by encapsulating SCSI commands into IP packets that don't require an FC connection.\r\nThe emergence of iSCSI means that instead of learning, building and managing two networks -- an Ethernet local area network (LAN) for user communication and an FC SAN for storage -- an organization can use its existing knowledge and infrastructure for both LANs and SANs. This is an especially useful approach in small and midsize businesses that may not have the funds or expertise to support a Fibre Channel SAN.\r\nOrganizations use SANs for distributed applications that need fast local network performance. SANs improve the availability of applications through multiple data paths. They can also improve application performance because they enable IT administrators to offload storage functions and segregate networks.\r\nAdditionally, SANs help increase the effectiveness and use of storage because they enable administrators to consolidate resources and deliver tiered storage. SANs also improve data protection and security. Finally, SANs can span multiple sites, which helps companies with their business continuity strategies.\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: bold;\">Types of network protocols</span>\r\nMost storage networks use the SCSI protocol for communication between servers and disk drive devices.[citation needed] A mapping layer to other protocols is used to form a network:\r\n<ul><li>ATA over Ethernet (AoE), mapping of ATA over Ethernet</li><li>Fibre Channel Protocol (FCP), the most prominent one, is a mapping of SCSI over Fibre Channel</li><li>Fibre Channel over Ethernet (FCoE)</li><li>ESCON over Fibre Channel (FICON), used by mainframe computers</li><li>HyperSCSI, mapping of SCSI over Ethernet</li><li>iFCP or SANoIP mapping of FCP over IP</li><li>iSCSI, mapping of SCSI over TCP/IP</li><li>iSCSI Extensions for RDMA (iSER), mapping of iSCSI over InfiniBand</li><li>Network block device, mapping device node requests on UNIX-like systems over stream sockets like TCP/IP</li><li>SCSI RDMA Protocol (SRP), another SCSI implementation for RDMA transports</li></ul>\r\nStorage networks may also be built using SAS and SATA technologies. SAS evolved from SCSI direct-attached storage. SATA evolved from IDE direct-attached storage. SAS and SATA devices can be networked using SAS Expanders.","iconURL":"https://old.roi4cio.com/fileadmin/user_upload/icon_Storage_Networking.png"}],"characteristics":[],"concurentProducts":[],"jobRoles":[],"organizationalFeatures":[],"complementaryCategories":[],"solutions":[],"materials":[],"useCases":[],"best_practices":[],"values":[],"implementations":[]}],"countries":[{"id":217,"title":"Ukraine","name":"UKR"}],"startDate":"0000-00-00","endDate":"0000-00-00","dealDate":"0000-00-00","price":0,"status":"finished","statusLabel":"Finished","isImplementation":true,"isAgreement":false,"confirmed":1,"implementationDetails":{"businessObjectives":{"id":14,"title":"Business objectives","translationKey":"businessObjectives","options":[{"id":6,"title":"Ensure Security and Business Continuity"},{"id":254,"title":"Centralize management"},{"id":306,"title":"Manage Risks"}]},"businessProcesses":{"id":11,"title":"Business process","translationKey":"businessProcesses","options":[{"id":175,"title":"Aging IT infrastructure"},{"id":348,"title":"No centralized control over IT systems"},{"id":373,"title":"IT infrastructure does not meet business tasks"},{"id":376,"title":"Unstructured data"},{"id":386,"title":"Risk of lost access to data and IT systems"}]}},"categories":[{"id":7,"title":"Storage - General-Purpose Disk Arrays","alias":"storage-general-purpose-disk-arrays","description":" General-purpose disk arrays refer to disk storage systems that work together with specialized array controllers to achieve high data transfer. They are designed to fulfill the requirement of a diverse set of workloads such as databases, virtual desktop infrastructure, and virtual networks. The market size in the study represents the revenue generated through various deployment modes such as NAS, SAN, and DAS. Some of the technologies used in the general-purpose disk arrays market include PATA, SATA, and SCSI. The application areas of general-purpose disk arrays include BFSI, IT, government, education &amp; research, healthcare, and manufacturing.\r\nGeneral-Purpose Disk Arrays market in BFSI accounts for the largest revenue. IT industry and governments are investing heavily in the general-purpose disk arrays, as a huge amount of voluminous data is getting generated which requires high storage capacity to store the classified data for analytics purpose and consumer insights. General-Purpose Disk Arrays market in healthcare is expected to show robust growth during the forecast period, as hospitals are adopting the latest technology with huge storage spaces in an attempt to track the patient history for providing better healthcare facilities.\r\nThe global general-purpose disk arrays market is fragmented owing to the presence of a large number of local and regional players, which intensifies the degree of rivalry. The market is growing at a notable pace, which leads to high intensity of rivalry. Key market players such as Dell EMC, HPE, and IBM Corporation seek to gain market share through continuous innovations in storage technology. Some of the other key players operating in a market are Hitachi, Seagate Technologies, NetApp, Promise Technologies, Quantum Corporation, Oracle Corporation, Fujitsu, DataDirect Networks, and Infortrend Technology Inc. Key competitors are specifically focusing on Asia-Pacific and Middle-East &amp; Africa regions, as they show strong tendency to adopt the general-purpose disk arrays in coming years.","materialsDescription":"<span style=\"font-weight: bold;\">What are the characteristics of storage?</span>\r\nStorage technologies at all levels of the storage hierarchy can be differentiated by evaluating certain core characteristics as well as measuring characteristics specific to a particular implementation. These core characteristics are volatility, mutability, accessibility, and addressability. For any particular implementation of any storage technology, the characteristics worth measuring are capacity and performance.\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-style: italic;\"><span style=\"font-weight: bold;\">Volatility</span></span>\r\nNon-volatile memory retains the stored information even if not constantly supplied with electric power. It is suitable for long-term storage of information. Volatile memory requires constant power to maintain the stored information. The fastest memory technologies are volatile ones, although that is not a universal rule. Since the primary storage is required to be very fast, it predominantly uses volatile memory.\r\nDynamic random-access memory is a form of volatile memory that also requires the stored information to be periodically reread and rewritten, or refreshed, otherwise it would vanish. Static random-access memory is a form of volatile memory similar to DRAM with the exception that it never needs to be refreshed as long as power is applied; it loses its content when the power supply is lost.\r\nAn uninterruptible power supply (UPS) can be used to give a computer a brief window of time to move information from primary volatile storage into non-volatile storage before the batteries are exhausted. Some systems, for example EMC Symmetrix, have integrated batteries that maintain volatile storage for several minutes.\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-style: italic;\"><span style=\"font-weight: bold;\">Mutability</span></span>\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: bold;\">Read/write storage or mutable storage</span>\r\n<div class=\"indent\">Allows information to be overwritten at any time. A computer without some amount of read/write storage for primary storage purposes would be useless for many tasks. Modern computers typically use read/write storage also for secondary storage.</div>\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: bold;\">Slow write, fast read storage</span>\r\n<div class=\"indent\">Read/write storage which allows information to be overwritten multiple times, but with the write operation being much slower than the read operation. Examples include CD-RW and SSD.</div>\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: bold;\">Write once storage</span>\r\n<div class=\"indent\">Write Once Read Many (WORM) allows the information to be written only once at some point after manufacture. Examples include semiconductor programmable read-only memory and CD-R.</div>\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: bold;\">Read only storage</span>\r\n<div class=\"indent\">Retains the information stored at the time of manufacture. Examples include mask ROM ICs and CD-ROM.</div>\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-style: italic;\"><span style=\"font-weight: bold;\">Accessibility</span></span>\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: bold;\">Random access</span>\r\n<div class=\"indent\">Any location in storage can be accessed at any moment in approximately the same amount of time. Such characteristic is well suited for primary and secondary storage. Most semiconductor memories and disk drives provide random access.</div>\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: bold;\">Sequential access</span>\r\n<div class=\"indent\">The accessing of pieces of information will be in a serial order, one after the other; therefore the time to access a particular piece of information depends upon which piece of information was last accessed. Such characteristic is typical of off-line storage.</div>\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-style: italic;\"><span style=\"font-weight: bold;\">Addressability</span></span>\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: bold;\">Location-addressable</span>\r\n<div class=\"indent\">Each individually accessible unit of information in storage is selected with its numerical memory address. In modern computers, location-addressable storage usually limits to primary storage, accessed internally by computer programs, since location-addressability is very efficient, but burdensome for humans.</div>\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: bold;\">File addressable</span>\r\n<div class=\"indent\">Information is divided into files of variable length, and a particular file is selected with human-readable directory and file names. The underlying device is still location-addressable, but the operating system of a computer provides the file system abstraction to make the operation more understandable. In modern computers, secondary, tertiary and off-line storage use file systems.</div>\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: bold;\">Content-addressable</span>\r\n<div class=\"indent\">Each individually accessible unit of information is selected based on the basis of (part of) the contents stored there. Content-addressable storage can be implemented using software (computer program) or hardware (computer device), with hardware being faster but more expensive option. Hardware content addressable memory is often used in a computer's CPU cache.</div>\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-style: italic;\"><span style=\"font-weight: bold;\">Capacity</span></span>\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: bold;\">Raw capacity</span>\r\n<div class=\"indent\">The total amount of stored information that a storage device or medium can hold. It is expressed as a quantity of bits or bytes (e.g. 10.4 megabytes).</div>\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: bold;\">Memory storage density</span>\r\n<div class=\"indent\">The compactness of stored information. It is the storage capacity of a medium divided with a unit of length, area or volume (e.g. 1.2 megabytes per square inch).</div>\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: bold;\"><span style=\"font-style: italic;\">Performance</span></span>\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: bold;\">Latency</span>\r\n<div class=\"indent\">The time it takes to access a particular location in storage. The relevant unit of measurement is typically nanosecond for primary storage, millisecond for secondary storage, and second for tertiary storage. It may make sense to separate read latency and write latency (especially for non-volatile memory[8]) and in case of sequential access storage, minimum, maximum and average latency.</div>\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: bold;\">Throughput</span>\r\n<div class=\"indent\">The rate at which information can be read from or written to the storage. In computer data storage, throughput is usually expressed in terms of megabytes per second (MB/s), though bit rate may also be used. As with latency, read rate and write rate may need to be differentiated. Also accessing media sequentially, as opposed to randomly, typically yields maximum throughput.</div>\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: bold;\">Granularity</span>\r\n<div class=\"indent\">The size of the largest &quot;chunk&quot; of data that can be efficiently accessed as a single unit, e.g. without introducing additional latency.</div>\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: bold;\">Reliability</span>\r\n<div class=\"indent\">The probability of spontaneous bit value change under various conditions, or overall failure rate.</div>\r\nUtilities such as hdparm and sar can be used to measure IO performance in Linux.\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-style: italic;\"><span style=\"font-weight: bold;\">Energy use</span></span>\r\n<ul><li>Storage devices that reduce fan usage, automatically shut-down during inactivity, and low power hard drives can reduce energy consumption by 90 percent.</li><li>2.5-inch hard disk drives often consume less power than larger ones. Low capacity solid-state drives have no moving parts and consume less power than hard disks. Also, memory may use more power than hard disks. Large caches, which are used to avoid hitting the memory wall, may also consume a large amount of power.</li></ul>\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-style: italic;\"><span style=\"font-weight: bold;\">Security</span></span>\r\nFull disk encryption, volume and virtual disk encryption, andor file/folder encryption is readily available for most storage devices.\r\nHardware memory encryption is available in Intel Architecture, supporting Total Memory Encryption (TME) and page granular memory encryption with multiple keys (MKTME) and in SPARC M7 generation since October 2015.","iconURL":"https://old.roi4cio.com/fileadmin/user_upload/icon_Storage_General_Purpose_Disk_Arrays.png"},{"id":503,"title":"Storage Networking","alias":"storage-networking","description":" A storage area network (SAN) or storage network is a computer network which provides access to consolidated, block-level data storage. SANs are primarily used to enhance accessibility of storage devices, such as disk arrays and tape libraries, to servers so that the devices appear to the operating system as locally-attached devices. A SAN typically is a dedicated network of storage devices not accessible through the local area network (LAN) by other devices, thereby preventing interference of LAN traffic in data transfer.\r\nThe cost and complexity of SANs dropped in the early 2000s to levels allowing wider adoption across both enterprise and small to medium-sized business environments.\r\nA SAN does not provide file abstraction, only block-level operations. However, file systems built on top of SANs do provide file-level access, and are known as shared-disk file systems.\r\nStorage area networks (SANs) are sometimes referred to as network behind the servers and historically developed out of the centralised data storage model, but with its own data network. A SAN is, at its simplest, a dedicated network for data storage. In addition to storing data, SANs allow for the automatic backup of data, and the monitoring of the storage as well as the backup process. A SAN is a combination of hardware and software. It grew out of data-centric mainframe architectures, where clients in a network can connect to several servers that store different types of data. To scale storage capacities as the volumes of data grew, direct-attached storage (DAS) was developed, where disk arrays or just a bunch of disks (JBODs) were attached to servers. In this architecture storage devices can be added to increase storage capacity. However, the server through which the storage devices are accessed is a single point of failure, and a large part of the LAN network bandwidth is used for accessing, storing and backing up data. To solve the single point of failure issue, a direct-attached shared storage architecture was implemented, where several servers could access the same storage device.\r\nDAS was the first network storage system and is still widely implemented where data storage requirements are not very high. Out of it developed the network-attached storage (NAS) architecture, where one or more dedicated file server or storage devices are made available in a LAN. Therefore, the transfer of data, particularly for backup, still takes place over the existing LAN. If more than a terabyte of data was stored at any one time, LAN bandwidth became a bottleneck. Therefore, SANs were developed, where a dedicated storage network was attached to the LAN, and terabytes of data are transferred over a dedicated high speed and bandwidth network. Within the storage network, storage devices are interconnected. Transfer of data between storage devices, such as for backup, happens behind the servers and is meant to be transparent. While in a NAS architecture data is transferred using the TCP and IP protocols over Ethernet, distinct protocols were developed for SANs, such as Fibre Channel, iSCSI, Infiniband. Therefore, SANs often have their own network and storage devices, which have to be bought, installed, and configured. This makes SANs inherently more expensive than NAS architectures.","materialsDescription":"<span style=\"font-weight: bold; \">What is storage virtualization?</span>\r\nA storage area network (SAN) is a dedicated high-speed network or subnetwork that interconnects and presents shared pools of storage devices to multiple servers.\r\nA SAN moves storage resources off the common user network and reorganizes them into an independent, high-performance network. This enables each server to access shared storage as if it were a drive directly attached to the server. When a host wants to access a storage device on the SAN, it sends out a block-based access request for the storage device.\r\nA storage area network is typically assembled using three principle components: cabling, host bus adapters (HBAs), and switches attached to storage arrays and servers. Each switch and storage system on the SAN must be interconnected, and the physical interconnections must support bandwidth levels that can adequately handle peak data activities. IT administrators manage storage area networks centrally.\r\nStorage arrays were initially all hard disk drive systems, but are increasingly populated with flash solid-state drives (SSDs).\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: bold; \">What storage area networks are used for?</span>\r\nFibre Channel (FC) SANs have the reputation of being expensive, complex and difficult to manage. Ethernet-based iSCSI has reduced these challenges by encapsulating SCSI commands into IP packets that don't require an FC connection.\r\nThe emergence of iSCSI means that instead of learning, building and managing two networks -- an Ethernet local area network (LAN) for user communication and an FC SAN for storage -- an organization can use its existing knowledge and infrastructure for both LANs and SANs. This is an especially useful approach in small and midsize businesses that may not have the funds or expertise to support a Fibre Channel SAN.\r\nOrganizations use SANs for distributed applications that need fast local network performance. SANs improve the availability of applications through multiple data paths. They can also improve application performance because they enable IT administrators to offload storage functions and segregate networks.\r\nAdditionally, SANs help increase the effectiveness and use of storage because they enable administrators to consolidate resources and deliver tiered storage. SANs also improve data protection and security. Finally, SANs can span multiple sites, which helps companies with their business continuity strategies.\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: bold;\">Types of network protocols</span>\r\nMost storage networks use the SCSI protocol for communication between servers and disk drive devices.[citation needed] A mapping layer to other protocols is used to form a network:\r\n<ul><li>ATA over Ethernet (AoE), mapping of ATA over Ethernet</li><li>Fibre Channel Protocol (FCP), the most prominent one, is a mapping of SCSI over Fibre Channel</li><li>Fibre Channel over Ethernet (FCoE)</li><li>ESCON over Fibre Channel (FICON), used by mainframe computers</li><li>HyperSCSI, mapping of SCSI over Ethernet</li><li>iFCP or SANoIP mapping of FCP over IP</li><li>iSCSI, mapping of SCSI over TCP/IP</li><li>iSCSI Extensions for RDMA (iSER), mapping of iSCSI over InfiniBand</li><li>Network block device, mapping device node requests on UNIX-like systems over stream sockets like TCP/IP</li><li>SCSI RDMA Protocol (SRP), another SCSI implementation for RDMA transports</li></ul>\r\nStorage networks may also be built using SAS and SATA technologies. SAS evolved from SCSI direct-attached storage. SATA evolved from IDE direct-attached storage. SAS and SATA devices can be networked using SAS Expanders.","iconURL":"https://old.roi4cio.com/fileadmin/user_upload/icon_Storage_Networking.png"}],"additionalInfo":{"budgetNotExceeded":"","functionallyTaskAssignment":"","projectWasPut":"","price":0,"source":{"url":"http://it-forum.com.ua/itforum/wiw_itf.php?ID=7678","title":"Media"}},"comments":[],"referencesCount":0}},"aliases":{"1":["netapp-fas3250-data-storage-system-for-ukrainian-bank"]},"links":{"first":"http://apis.roi4cio.com/api/implementations?page=1","last":"http://apis.roi4cio.com/api/implementations?page=1","prev":null,"next":null},"meta":{"current_page":1,"from":1,"last_page":1,"path":"http://apis.roi4cio.com/api/implementations","per_page":20,"to":1,"total":1},"loading":false,"error":null},"agreements":{"agreementById":{},"ids":{},"links":{},"meta":{},"loading":false,"error":null},"comparison":{"loading":false,"error":false,"templatesById":{},"comparisonByTemplateId":{},"products":[],"selectedTemplateId":null},"presentation":{"type":null,"company":{},"products":[],"partners":[],"formData":{},"dataLoading":false,"dataError":false,"loading":false,"error":false},"catalogsGlobal":{"subMenuItemTitle":""}}