{"global":{"lastError":{},"locale":"en","locales":{"data":[{"id":"de","name":"Deutsch"},{"id":"en","name":"English"}],"loading":false,"error":false},"currency":{"id":49,"name":"EUR"},"currencies":{"data":[{"id":49,"name":"EUR"},{"id":124,"name":"RUB"},{"id":153,"name":"UAH"},{"id":155,"name":"USD"}],"loading":false,"error":false},"translations":{"company":{"role-vendor":{"ru":"Производитель","_type":"localeString","en":"Vendor"},"role-supplier":{"ru":"Поставщик","_type":"localeString","en":"Supplier"},"products-popover":{"de":"die produkte","ru":"Продукты","_type":"localeString","en":"Products"},"introduction-popover":{"en":"introduction","ru":"внедрения","_type":"localeString"},"partners-popover":{"ru":"партнеры","_type":"localeString","en":"partners"},"update-profile-button":{"ru":"Обновить профиль","_type":"localeString","en":"Update profile"},"read-more-button":{"en":"Show more","ru":"Показать ещё","_type":"localeString"},"hide-button":{"en":"Hide","ru":"Скрыть","_type":"localeString"},"user-implementations":{"ru":"Внедрения","_type":"localeString","en":"Deployments"},"categories":{"en":"Categories","ru":"Компетенции","_type":"localeString"},"description":{"ru":"Описание","_type":"localeString","en":"Description"},"role-user":{"en":"User","ru":"Пользователь","_type":"localeString"},"partnership-vendors":{"_type":"localeString","en":"Partnership with vendors","ru":"Партнерство с производителями"},"partnership-suppliers":{"_type":"localeString","en":"Partnership with suppliers","ru":"Партнерство с поставщиками"},"reference-bonus":{"_type":"localeString","en":"Bonus 4 reference","ru":"Бонус за референс"},"partner-status":{"ru":"Статус партнёра","_type":"localeString","en":"Partner status"},"country":{"ru":"Страна","_type":"localeString","en":"Country"},"partner-types":{"en":"Partner types","ru":"Типы партнеров","_type":"localeString"},"branch-popover":{"ru":"область деятельности","_type":"localeString","en":"branch"},"employees-popover":{"ru":"количество сотрудников","_type":"localeString","en":"number of employees"},"partnership-programme":{"ru":"Партнерская программа","_type":"localeString","en":"Partnership program"},"partner-discounts":{"ru":"Партнерские скидки","_type":"localeString","en":"Partner discounts"},"registered-discounts":{"_type":"localeString","en":"Additional benefits for registering a deal","ru":"Дополнительные преимущества за регистрацию сделки"},"additional-advantages":{"ru":"Дополнительные преимущества","_type":"localeString","en":"Additional Benefits"},"additional-requirements":{"_type":"localeString","en":"Partner level requirements","ru":"Требования к уровню партнера"},"certifications":{"ru":"Сертификация технических специалистов","_type":"localeString","en":"Certification of technical specialists"},"sales-plan":{"ru":"Годовой план продаж","_type":"localeString","en":"Annual Sales Plan"},"partners-vendors":{"ru":"Партнеры-производители","_type":"localeString","en":"Partners-vendors"},"partners-suppliers":{"ru":"Партнеры-поставщики","_type":"localeString","en":"Partners-suppliers"},"all-countries":{"_type":"localeString","en":"All countries","ru":"Все страны"},"supplied-products":{"ru":"Поставляемые продукты","_type":"localeString","en":"Supplied products"},"vendored-products":{"en":"Produced products","ru":"Производимые продукты","_type":"localeString"},"vendor-implementations":{"ru":"Производимые внедрения","_type":"localeString","en":"Produced deployments"},"supplier-implementations":{"ru":"Поставляемые внедрения","_type":"localeString","en":"Supplied deployments"},"show-all":{"en":"Show all","ru":"Показать все","_type":"localeString"},"not-yet-converted":{"en":"Data is moderated and will be published soon. Please, try again later.","ru":"Данные модерируются и вскоре будут опубликованы. Попробуйте повторить переход через некоторое время.","_type":"localeString"},"schedule-event":{"_type":"localeString","en":"Events schedule","ru":"Pасписание событий"},"implementations":{"ru":"Внедрения","_type":"localeString","en":"Deployments"},"register":{"ru":"Регистрация ","_type":"localeString","en":"Register"},"login":{"_type":"localeString","en":"Login","ru":"Вход"},"auth-message":{"en":"To view company events please log in or register on the sit.","ru":"Для просмотра ивентов компании авторизируйтесь или зарегистрируйтесь на сайт.","_type":"localeString"},"company-presentation":{"_type":"localeString","en":"Company presentation","ru":"Презентация компании"}},"header":{"help":{"ru":"Помощь","_type":"localeString","en":"Help","de":"Hilfe"},"how":{"ru":"Как это работает","_type":"localeString","en":"How does it works","de":"Wie funktioniert es"},"login":{"_type":"localeString","en":"Log in","de":"Einloggen","ru":"Вход"},"logout":{"ru":"Выйти","_type":"localeString","en":"Sign out"},"faq":{"de":"FAQ","ru":"FAQ","_type":"localeString","en":"FAQ"},"references":{"de":"References","ru":"Мои запросы","_type":"localeString","en":"Requests"},"solutions":{"en":"Solutions","ru":"Возможности","_type":"localeString"},"find-it-product":{"ru":"Подбор и сравнение ИТ продукта","_type":"localeString","en":"Selection and comparison of IT product"},"autoconfigurator":{"en":" Price calculator","ru":"Калькулятор цены","_type":"localeString"},"comparison-matrix":{"ru":"Матрица сравнения","_type":"localeString","en":"Comparison Matrix"},"roi-calculators":{"_type":"localeString","en":"ROI calculators","ru":"ROI калькуляторы"},"b4r":{"_type":"localeString","en":"Bonus for reference","ru":"Бонус за референс"},"business-booster":{"ru":"Развитие бизнеса","_type":"localeString","en":"Business boosting"},"catalogs":{"_type":"localeString","en":"Catalogs","ru":"Каталоги"},"products":{"ru":"Продукты","_type":"localeString","en":"Products"},"implementations":{"ru":"Внедрения","_type":"localeString","en":"Deployments"},"companies":{"en":"Companies","ru":"Компании","_type":"localeString"},"categories":{"_type":"localeString","en":"Categories","ru":"Категории"},"for-suppliers":{"_type":"localeString","en":"For suppliers","ru":"Поставщикам"},"blog":{"ru":"Блог","_type":"localeString","en":"Blog"},"agreements":{"ru":"Сделки","_type":"localeString","en":"Deals"},"my-account":{"ru":"Мой кабинет","_type":"localeString","en":"My account"},"register":{"ru":"Зарегистрироваться","_type":"localeString","en":"Register"},"comparison-deletion":{"_type":"localeString","en":"Deletion","ru":"Удаление"},"comparison-confirm":{"ru":"Подтвердите удаление","_type":"localeString","en":"Are you sure you want to delete"},"search-placeholder":{"ru":"Введите поисковый запрос","_type":"localeString","en":"Enter your search term"},"my-profile":{"ru":"Мои данные","_type":"localeString","en":"My profile"},"about":{"_type":"localeString","en":"About Us"},"it_catalogs":{"_type":"localeString","en":"IT catalogs"},"roi4presenter":{"_type":"localeString","en":"Roi4Presenter"},"roi4webinar":{"_type":"localeString","en":"Pitch Avatar"},"sub_it_catalogs":{"_type":"localeString","en":"Find IT product"},"sub_b4reference":{"_type":"localeString","en":"Get reference from user"},"sub_roi4presenter":{"_type":"localeString","en":"Make online presentations"},"sub_roi4webinar":{"_type":"localeString","en":"Create an avatar for the event"},"catalogs_new":{"en":"Products","_type":"localeString"},"b4reference":{"_type":"localeString","en":"Bonus4Reference"},"it_our_it_catalogs":{"en":"Our IT Catalogs","_type":"localeString"},"it_products":{"_type":"localeString","en":"Find and compare IT products"},"it_implementations":{"_type":"localeString","en":"Learn implementation reviews"},"it_companies":{"_type":"localeString","en":"Find vendor and company-supplier"},"it_categories":{"_type":"localeString","en":"Explore IT products by category"},"it_our_products":{"en":"Our Products","_type":"localeString"},"it_it_catalogs":{"_type":"localeString","en":"IT catalogs"}},"footer":{"copyright":{"en":"All rights reserved","de":"Alle rechte vorbehalten","ru":"Все права защищены","_type":"localeString"},"company":{"de":"Über die Firma","ru":"О компании","_type":"localeString","en":"My Company"},"about":{"_type":"localeString","en":"About us","de":"Über uns","ru":"О нас"},"infocenter":{"de":"Infocenter","ru":"Инфоцентр","_type":"localeString","en":"Infocenter"},"tariffs":{"ru":"Тарифы","_type":"localeString","en":"Subscriptions","de":"Tarife"},"contact":{"_type":"localeString","en":"Contact us","de":"Kontaktiere uns","ru":"Связаться с нами"},"marketplace":{"_type":"localeString","en":"Marketplace","de":"Marketplace","ru":"Marketplace"},"products":{"ru":"Продукты","_type":"localeString","en":"Products","de":"Produkte"},"compare":{"de":"Wähle und vergleiche","ru":"Подобрать и сравнить","_type":"localeString","en":"Pick and compare"},"calculate":{"de":"Kosten berechnen","ru":"Расчитать стоимость","_type":"localeString","en":"Calculate the cost"},"get_bonus":{"_type":"localeString","en":"Bonus for reference","de":"Holen Sie sich einen Rabatt","ru":"Бонус за референс"},"salestools":{"en":"Salestools","de":"Salestools","ru":"Salestools","_type":"localeString"},"automatization":{"de":"Abwicklungsautomatisierung","ru":"Автоматизация расчетов","_type":"localeString","en":"Settlement Automation"},"roi_calcs":{"_type":"localeString","en":"ROI calculators","de":"ROI-Rechner","ru":"ROI калькуляторы"},"matrix":{"_type":"localeString","en":"Comparison matrix","de":"Vergleichsmatrix","ru":"Матрица сравнения"},"b4r":{"en":"Rebate 4 Reference","de":"Rebate 4 Reference","ru":"Rebate 4 Reference","_type":"localeString"},"our_social":{"_type":"localeString","en":"Our social networks","de":"Unsere sozialen Netzwerke","ru":"Наши социальные сети"},"subscribe":{"en":"Subscribe to newsletter","de":"Melden Sie sich für den Newsletter an","ru":"Подпишитесь на рассылку","_type":"localeString"},"subscribe_info":{"ru":"и узнавайте первыми об акциях, новых возможностях и свежих обзорах софта","_type":"localeString","en":"and be the first to know about promotions, new features and recent software reviews"},"policy":{"ru":"Политика конфиденциальности","_type":"localeString","en":"Privacy Policy"},"user_agreement":{"_type":"localeString","en":"Agreement","ru":"Пользовательское соглашение "},"solutions":{"ru":"Возможности","_type":"localeString","en":"Solutions"},"find":{"ru":"Подбор и сравнение ИТ продукта","_type":"localeString","en":"Selection and comparison of IT product"},"quote":{"en":"Price calculator","ru":"Калькулятор цены","_type":"localeString"},"boosting":{"en":"Business boosting","ru":"Развитие бизнеса","_type":"localeString"},"4vendors":{"ru":"поставщикам","_type":"localeString","en":"4 vendors"},"blog":{"ru":"блог","_type":"localeString","en":"blog"},"pay4content":{"en":"we pay for content","ru":"платим за контент","_type":"localeString"},"categories":{"en":"categories","ru":"категории","_type":"localeString"},"showForm":{"ru":"Показать форму","_type":"localeString","en":"Show form"},"subscribe__title":{"_type":"localeString","en":"We send a digest of actual news from the IT world once in a month!","ru":"Раз в месяц мы отправляем дайджест актуальных новостей ИТ мира!"},"subscribe__email-label":{"en":"Email","ru":"Email","_type":"localeString"},"subscribe__name-label":{"_type":"localeString","en":"Name","ru":"Имя"},"subscribe__required-message":{"en":"This field is required","ru":"Это поле обязательное","_type":"localeString"},"subscribe__notify-label":{"_type":"localeString","en":"Yes, please, notify me about news, events and propositions","ru":"Да, пожалуйста уведомляйте меня о новостях, событиях и предложениях"},"subscribe__agree-label":{"en":"By subscribing to the newsletter, you agree to the %TERMS% and %POLICY% and agree to the use of cookies and the transfer of your personal data","ru":"Подписываясь на рассылку, вы соглашаетесь с %TERMS% и %POLICY% и даете согласие на использование файлов cookie и передачу своих персональных данных*","_type":"localeString"},"subscribe__submit-label":{"ru":"Подписаться","_type":"localeString","en":"Subscribe"},"subscribe__email-message":{"ru":"Пожалуйста, введите корректный адрес электронной почты","_type":"localeString","en":"Please, enter the valid email"},"subscribe__email-placeholder":{"_type":"localeString","en":"username@gmail.com","ru":"username@gmail.com"},"subscribe__name-placeholder":{"en":"Last, first name","ru":"Имя Фамилия","_type":"localeString"},"subscribe__success":{"_type":"localeString","en":"You are successfully subscribed! Check you mailbox.","ru":"Вы успешно подписаны на рассылку. Проверьте свой почтовый ящик."},"subscribe__error":{"_type":"localeString","en":"Subscription is unsuccessful. Please, try again later.","ru":"Не удалось оформить подписку. Пожалуйста, попробуйте позднее."},"roi4presenter":{"en":"Roi4Presenter","de":"roi4presenter","ru":"roi4presenter","_type":"localeString"},"it_catalogs":{"_type":"localeString","en":"IT catalogs"},"roi4webinar":{"_type":"localeString","en":"Pitch Avatar"},"b4reference":{"_type":"localeString","en":"Bonus4Reference"}},"breadcrumbs":{"home":{"ru":"Главная","_type":"localeString","en":"Home"},"companies":{"ru":"Компании","_type":"localeString","en":"Companies"},"products":{"ru":"Продукты","_type":"localeString","en":"Products"},"implementations":{"_type":"localeString","en":"Deployments","ru":"Внедрения"},"login":{"ru":"Вход","_type":"localeString","en":"Login"},"registration":{"_type":"localeString","en":"Registration","ru":"Регистрация"},"b2b-platform":{"ru":"Портал для покупателей, поставщиков и производителей ИТ","_type":"localeString","en":"B2B platform for IT buyers, vendors and suppliers"}},"comment-form":{"title":{"_type":"localeString","en":"Leave comment","ru":"Оставить комментарий"},"firstname":{"_type":"localeString","en":"First name","ru":"Имя"},"lastname":{"ru":"Фамилия","_type":"localeString","en":"Last name"},"company":{"ru":"Компания","_type":"localeString","en":"Company name"},"position":{"ru":"Должность","_type":"localeString","en":"Position"},"actual-cost":{"_type":"localeString","en":"Actual cost","ru":"Фактическая стоимость"},"received-roi":{"en":"Received ROI","ru":"Полученный ROI","_type":"localeString"},"saving-type":{"en":"Saving type","ru":"Тип экономии","_type":"localeString"},"comment":{"ru":"Комментарий","_type":"localeString","en":"Comment"},"your-rate":{"_type":"localeString","en":"Your rate","ru":"Ваша оценка"},"i-agree":{"ru":"Я согласен","_type":"localeString","en":"I agree"},"terms-of-use":{"en":"With user agreement and privacy policy","ru":"С пользовательским соглашением и политикой конфиденциальности","_type":"localeString"},"send":{"en":"Send","ru":"Отправить","_type":"localeString"},"required-message":{"ru":"{NAME} - это обязательное поле","_type":"localeString","en":"{NAME} is required filed"}},"maintenance":{"title":{"_type":"localeString","en":"Site under maintenance","ru":"На сайте проводятся технические работы"},"message":{"ru":"Спасибо за ваше понимание","_type":"localeString","en":"Thank you for your understanding"}}},"translationsStatus":{"company":"success"},"sections":{},"sectionsStatus":{},"pageMetaData":{"company":{"title":{"_type":"localeString","en":"ROI4CIO: Company","ru":"ROI4CIO: Компания"},"meta":[{"name":"og:image","content":"https://roi4cio.com/fileadmin/templates/roi4cio/image/roi4cio-logobig.jpg"},{"name":"og:type","content":"website"}],"translatable_meta":[{"name":"title","translations":{"_type":"localeString","en":"Company","ru":"Компания"}},{"translations":{"_type":"localeString","en":"Company description","ru":"Описание компании"},"name":"description"},{"name":"keywords","translations":{"ru":"Ключевые слова для компании","_type":"localeString","en":"Company keywords"}}]}},"pageMetaDataStatus":{"company":"success"},"subscribeInProgress":false,"subscribeError":false},"auth":{"inProgress":false,"error":false,"checked":true,"initialized":false,"user":{},"role":null,"expires":null},"products":{"productsByAlias":{},"aliases":{},"links":{},"meta":{},"loading":false,"error":null,"useProductLoading":false,"sellProductLoading":false,"templatesById":{},"comparisonByTemplateId":{}},"filters":{"filterCriterias":{"loading":false,"error":null,"data":{"price":{"min":0,"max":6000},"users":{"loading":false,"error":null,"ids":[],"values":{}},"suppliers":{"loading":false,"error":null,"ids":[],"values":{}},"vendors":{"loading":false,"error":null,"ids":[],"values":{}},"roles":{"id":200,"title":"Roles","values":{"1":{"id":1,"title":"User","translationKey":"user"},"2":{"id":2,"title":"Supplier","translationKey":"supplier"},"3":{"id":3,"title":"Vendor","translationKey":"vendor"}}},"categories":{"flat":[],"tree":[]},"countries":{"loading":false,"error":null,"ids":[],"values":{}}}},"showAIFilter":false},"companies":{"companiesByAlias":{"dt-asia":{"id":5415,"title":"DT Asia","logoURL":"https://old.roi4cio.com/uploads/roi/company/DTAsia.jpg","alias":"dt-asia","address":"","roles":[{"id":2,"type":"supplier"},{"id":3,"type":"vendor"}],"description":" DT Asia Pte Ltd is led by former IT security and business leaders from HP and Dell with more than 20 years of experience across various geography and market segments.<br /><br />DT Asia began in 2007 with a clear mission to build market entry for various pioneering IT security solutions from US, Europe and Israel. <br /><br />DT Asia identifies and partners with forwarding looking technology companies to jointly bring clear and targeted security solutions to their partners and customers. Companys intent is to offer partners a committed and competitive advantage and opportunities to differentiate themselves in this competitive security solution space. These products range from start-ups to early adoption stage with cutting edge technologies.<br />Source: https://dtasiagroup.com/","companyTypes":["supplier","vendor"],"products":{},"vendoredProductsCount":0,"suppliedProductsCount":0,"supplierImplementations":[],"vendorImplementations":[],"userImplementations":[],"userImplementationsCount":0,"supplierImplementationsCount":0,"vendorImplementationsCount":0,"vendorPartnersCount":0,"supplierPartnersCount":0,"b4r":0,"categories":{"471":{"id":471,"title":"Hardware","description":" Computer hardware includes the physical, tangible parts or components of a computer, such as the cabinet, central processing unit, monitor, keyboard, computer data storage, graphics card, sound card, speakers and motherboard. By contrast, software is instructions that can be stored and run by hardware. Hardware is so-termed because it is "hard" or rigid with respect to changes or modifications; whereas software is "soft" because it is easy to update or change. Intermediate between software and hardware is "firmware", which is software that is strongly coupled to the particular hardware of a computer system and thus the most difficult to change but also among the most stable with respect to consistency of interface. The progression from levels of "hardness" to "softness" in computer systems parallels a progression of layers of abstraction in computing.\r\nHardware is typically directed by the software to execute any command or instruction. A combination of hardware and software forms a usable computing system, although other systems exist with only hardware components.\r\nThe template for all modern computers is the Von Neumann architecture, detailed in a 1945 paper by Hungarian mathematician John von Neumann. This describes a design architecture for an electronic digital computer with subdivisions of a processing unit consisting of an arithmetic logic unit and processor registers, a control unit containing an instruction register and program counter, a memory to store both data and instructions, external mass storage, and input and output mechanisms. The meaning of the term has evolved to mean a stored-program computer in which an instruction fetch and a data operation cannot occur at the same time because they share a common bus. This is referred to as the Von Neumann bottleneck and often limits the performance of the system.","materialsDescription":" <span style=\"font-weight: bold; \">What does Hardware (H/W) mean?</span>\r\nHardware (H/W), in the context of technology, refers to the physical elements that make up a computer or electronic system and everything else involved that is physically tangible. This includes the monitor, hard drive, memory and CPU. Hardware works hand-in-hand with firmware and software to make a computer function.\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: bold; \">What are the types of computer systems?</span>\r\n<span style=\"font-style: italic; \"><span style=\"font-weight: bold; \">Personal computer</span></span>\r\nThe personal computer, also known as the PC, is one of the most common types of computer due to its versatility and relatively low price. Laptops are generally very similar, although they may use lower-power or reduced size components, thus lower performance.\r\n<span style=\"font-style: italic; \"><span style=\"font-weight: bold; \">Case</span></span>\r\nThe computer case encloses and holds most of the components of the system. It provides mechanical support and protection for internal elements such as the motherboard, disk drives, and power supplies, and controls and directs the flow of cooling air over internal components. The case is also part of the system to control electromagnetic interference radiated by the computer, and protects internal parts from electrostatic discharge. Large tower cases provide extra internal space for multiple disk drives or other peripherals and usually stand on the floor, while desktop cases provide less expansion room. All-in-one style designs include a video display built into the same case. Portable and laptop computers require cases that provide impact protection for the unit. A current development in laptop computers is a detachable keyboard, which allows the system to be configured as a touch-screen tablet. Hobbyists may decorate the cases with colored lights, paint, or other features, in an activity called case modding.\r\n<span style=\"font-style: italic; \"><span style=\"font-weight: bold; \">Power supply</span></span>\r\nA power supply unit (PSU) converts alternating current (AC) electric power to low-voltage direct current (DC) power for the internal components of the computer. Laptops are capable of running from a built-in battery, normally for a period of hours. The PSU typically uses a switched-mode power supply (SMPS), with power MOSFETs (power metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistors) used in the converters and regulator circuits of the SMPS.\r\n<span style=\"font-style: italic; \"><span style=\"font-weight: bold; \">Motherboard</span></span>\r\nThe motherboard is the main component of a computer. It is a board with integrated circuitry that connects the other parts of the computer including the CPU, the RAM, the disk drives (CD, DVD, hard disk, or any others) as well as any peripherals connected via the ports or the expansion slots. The integrated circuit (IC) chips in a computer typically contain billions of tiny metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistors (MOSFETs).\r\nComponents directly attached to or to part of the motherboard include:\r\n<ul><li><span style=\"font-weight: bold; \">The CPU (central processing unit)</span>, which performs most of the calculations which enable a computer to function, and is referred to as the brain of the computer which get a hold of program instruction from random-access memory (RAM), interprets and processes it and then send it backs to computer result so that the relevant components can carry out the instructions. The CPU is a microprocessor, which is fabricated on a metal–oxide–semiconductor (MOS) integrated circuit (IC) chip. It is usually cooled by a heat sink and fan, or water-cooling system. Most newer CPU include an on-die graphics processing unit (GPU). The clock speed of CPU governs how fast it executes instructions, and is measured in GHz; typical values lie between 1 GHz and 5 GHz. Many modern computers have the option to overclock the CPU which enhances performance at the expense of greater thermal output and thus a need for improved cooling.</li><li><span style=\"font-weight: bold; \">The chipset</span>, which includes the north bridge, mediates communication between the CPU and the other components of the system, including main memory; as well as south bridge, which is connected to the north bridge, and supports auxiliary interfaces and buses; and, finally, a Super I/O chip, connected through the south bridge, which supports the slowest and most legacy components like serial ports, hardware monitoring and fan control.</li><li><span style=\"font-weight: bold; \">Random-access memory (RAM)</span>, which stores the code and data that are being actively accessed by the CPU. For example, when a web browser is opened on the computer it takes up memory; this is stored in the RAM until the web browser is closed. It is typically a type of dynamic RAM (DRAM), such as synchronous DRAM (SDRAM), where MOS memory chips store data on memory cells consisting of MOSFETs and MOS capacitors. RAM usually comes on dual in-line memory modules (DIMMs) in the sizes of 2GB, 4GB, and 8GB, but can be much larger.</li><li><span style=\"font-weight: bold; \">Read-only memory (ROM)</span>, which stores the BIOS that runs when the computer is powered on or otherwise begins execution, a process known as Bootstrapping, or "booting" or "booting up". The ROM is typically a nonvolatile BIOS memory chip, which stores data on floating-gate MOSFET memory cells.</li><li><span style=\"font-weight: bold; \">The BIOS (Basic Input Output System)</span> includes boot firmware and power management firmware. Newer motherboards use Unified Extensible Firmware Interface (UEFI) instead of BIOS.</li><li><span style=\"font-weight: bold; \">Buses</span> that connect the CPU to various internal components and to expand cards for graphics and sound.</li><li><span style=\"font-weight: bold; \">The CMOS</span> (complementary MOS) battery, which powers the CMOS memory for date and time in the BIOS chip. This battery is generally a watch battery.</li><li><span style=\"font-weight: bold; \">The video card</span> (also known as the graphics card), which processes computer graphics. More powerful graphics cards are better suited to handle strenuous tasks, such as playing intensive video games or running computer graphics software. A video card contains a graphics processing unit (GPU) and video memory (typically a type of SDRAM), both fabricated on MOS integrated circuit (MOS IC) chips.</li><li><span style=\"font-weight: bold; \">Power MOSFETs</span> make up the voltage regulator module (VRM), which controls how much voltage other hardware components receive.</li></ul>\r\n<span style=\"font-style: italic; \"><span style=\"font-weight: bold; \">Expansion cards</span></span>\r\nAn expansion card in computing is a printed circuit board that can be inserted into an expansion slot of a computer motherboard or backplane to add functionality to a computer system via the expansion bus. Expansion cards can be used to obtain or expand on features not offered by the motherboard.\r\n<span style=\"font-style: italic; \"><span style=\"font-weight: bold; \">Storage devices</span></span>\r\nA storage device is any computing hardware and digital media that is used for storing, porting and extracting data files and objects. It can hold and store information both temporarily and permanently, and can be internal or external to a computer, server or any similar computing device. Data storage is a core function and fundamental component of computers.\r\n<span style=\"font-style: italic; \"><span style=\"font-weight: bold; \">Fixed media</span></span>\r\nData is stored by a computer using a variety of media. Hard disk drives (HDDs) are found in virtually all older computers, due to their high capacity and low cost, but solid-state drives (SSDs) are faster and more power efficient, although currently more expensive than hard drives in terms of dollar per gigabyte, so are often found in personal computers built post-2007. SSDs use flash memory, which stores data on MOS memory chips consisting of floating-gate MOSFET memory cells. Some systems may use a disk array controller for greater performance or reliability.\r\n<span style=\"font-style: italic; \"><span style=\"font-weight: bold; \">Removable media</span></span>\r\nTo transfer data between computers, an external flash memory device (such as a memory card or USB flash drive) or optical disc (such as a CD-ROM, DVD-ROM or BD-ROM) may be used. Their usefulness depends on being readable by other systems; the majority of machines have an optical disk drive (ODD), and virtually all have at least one Universal Serial Bus (USB) port.\r\n<span style=\"font-style: italic; \"><span style=\"font-weight: bold; \">Input and output peripherals</span></span>\r\nInput and output devices are typically housed externally to the main computer chassis. The following are either standard or very common to many computer systems.\r\n<span style=\"font-style: italic; \"><span style=\"font-weight: bold; \">Input</span></span>\r\nInput devices allow the user to enter information into the system, or control its operation. Most personal computers have a mouse and keyboard, but laptop systems typically use a touchpad instead of a mouse. Other input devices include webcams, microphones, joysticks, and image scanners.\r\n<span style=\"font-style: italic; \"><span style=\"font-weight: bold; \">Output device</span></span>\r\nOutput devices display information in a human readable form. Such devices could include printers, speakers, monitors or a Braille embosser.\r\n<span style=\"font-style: italic; \"><span style=\"font-weight: bold; \">Mainframe computer</span></span>\r\nA mainframe computer is a much larger computer that typically fills a room and may cost many hundreds or thousands of times as much as a personal computer. They are designed to perform large numbers of calculations for governments and large enterprises.\r\n<span style=\"font-style: italic; \"><span style=\"font-weight: bold; \">Departmental computing</span></span>\r\nIn the 1960s and 1970s, more and more departments started to use cheaper and dedicated systems for specific purposes like process control and laboratory automation.\r\n<span style=\"font-style: italic;\"><span style=\"font-weight: bold;\">Supercomputer</span></span>\r\nA supercomputer is superficially similar to a mainframe, but is instead intended for extremely demanding computational tasks. As of June 2018, the fastest supercomputer on the TOP500supercomputer list is the Summit, in the United States, with a LINPACK benchmarkscore of 122.3 PFLOPS Light, by around 29 PFLOPS.\r\nThe term supercomputer does not refer to a specific technology. Rather it indicates the fastest computations available at any given time. In mid 2011, the fastest supercomputers boasted speeds exceeding one petaflop, or 1 quadrillion (10^15 or 1,000 trillion) floating point operations per second. Supercomputers are fast but extremely costly, so they are generally used by large organizations to execute computationally demanding tasks involving large data sets. Supercomputers typically run military and scientific applications. Although costly, they are also being used for commercial applications where huge amounts of data must be analyzed. For example, large banks employ supercomputers to calculate the risks and returns of various investment strategies, and healthcare organizations use them to analyze giant databases of patient data to determine optimal treatments for various diseases and problems incurring to the country. ","iconURL":"https://old.roi4cio.com/fileadmin/user_upload/icon_Hardware.jpg","alias":"hardware"},"540":{"id":540,"title":"Security Hardware","description":"Hardware security as a discipline originated out of cryptographic engineering and involves hardware design, access control, secure multi-party computation, secure key storage, ensuring code authenticity and measures to ensure that the supply chain that built the product is secure, among other things.\r\nA hardware security module (HSM) is a physical computing device that safeguards and manages digital keys for strong authentication and provides cryptoprocessing. These modules traditionally come in the form of a plug-in card or an external device that attaches directly to a computer or network server.\r\nSome providers in this discipline consider that the key difference between hardware security and software security is that hardware security is implemented using "non-Turing-machine" logic (raw combinatorial logic or simple state machines). One approach, referred to as "hardsec", uses FPGAs to implement non-Turing-machine security controls as a way of combining the security of hardware with the flexibility of software.\r\nHardware backdoors are backdoors in hardware. Conceptionally related, a hardware Trojan (HT) is a malicious modification of an electronic system, particularly in the context of an integrated circuit.\r\nA physical unclonable function (PUF) is a physical entity that is embodied in a physical structure and is easy to evaluate but hard to predict. Further, an individual PUF device must be easy to make but practically impossible to duplicate, even given the exact manufacturing process that produced it. In this respect, it is the hardware analog of a one-way function. The name "physically unclonable function" might be a little misleading as some PUFs are clonable, and most PUFs are noisy and therefore do not achieve the requirements for a function. Today, PUFs are usually implemented in integrated circuits and are typically used in applications with high-security requirements.\r\nMany attacks on sensitive data and resources reported by organizations occur from within the organization itself.","materialsDescription":"<span style=\"font-weight: bold;\">What is hardware information security?</span>\r\nHardware means various types of devices (mechanical, electromechanical, electronic, etc.), which solve information protection problems with hardware. They impede access to information, including through its disguise. The hardware includes: noise generators, surge protectors, scanning radios and many other devices that "block" potential channels of information leakage or allow them to be detected. The advantages of technical means are related to their reliability, independence from subjective factors and high resistance to modification. The weaknesses include a lack of flexibility, relatively large volume and mass and high cost. The hardware for information protection includes the most diverse technical structures in terms of operation, device and capabilities, which ensure the suppression of disclosure, protection against leakage and counteraction to unauthorized access to sources of confidential information.\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: bold;\">Where is the hardware used to protect information?</span>\r\nHardware information protection is used to solve the following problems:\r\n<ul><li>conducting special studies of technical means of ensuring production activity for the presence of possible channels of information leakage;</li><li>identification of information leakage channels at various objects and in premises;</li><li>localization of information leakage channels;</li><li>search and detection of industrial espionage tools;</li><li>countering unauthorized access to confidential information sources and other actions.</li></ul>\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: bold;\">What is the classification of information security hardware?</span>\r\nAccording to the functional purpose, the hardware can be classified into detection tools, search tools and detailed measurements and active and passive countermeasures. At the same time, according to their technical capabilities, information protection tools can be general-purpose, designed for use by non-professionals in order to obtain preliminary (general) estimates, and professional complexes that allow for a thorough search, detection and precision measurement of all the characteristics of industrial espionage equipment. As an example of the former, we can consider a group of IP electromagnetic radiation indicators, which have a wide range of received signals and rather low sensitivity. As a second example - a complex for the detection and direction finding of radio bookmarks, designed to automatically detect and locate radio transmitters, radio microphones, telephone bookmarks and network radio transmitters.<br /><br />","iconURL":"https://old.roi4cio.com/fileadmin/user_upload/icon_Security_Hardware.png","alias":"security-hardware"}},"branches":"Information Technology","companyUrl":"https://dtasiagroup.com/","countryCodes":[],"certifications":[],"isSeller":true,"isSupplier":true,"isVendor":true,"presenterCodeLng":"","seo":{"title":"DT Asia","keywords":"","description":" DT Asia Pte Ltd is led by former IT security and business leaders from HP and Dell with more than 20 years of experience across various geography and market segments.<br /><br />DT Asia began in 2007 with a clear mission to build market entry for various pion","og:title":"DT Asia","og:description":" DT Asia Pte Ltd is led by former IT security and business leaders from HP and Dell with more than 20 years of experience across various geography and market segments.<br /><br />DT Asia began in 2007 with a clear mission to build market entry for various pion","og:image":"https://old.roi4cio.com/uploads/roi/company/DTAsia.jpg"},"eventUrl":"","vendorPartners":[],"supplierPartners":[],"vendoredProducts":[],"suppliedProducts":[],"partnershipProgramme":null}},"aliases":{},"links":{},"meta":{},"loading":false,"error":null},"implementations":{"implementationsByAlias":{},"aliases":{},"links":{},"meta":{},"loading":false,"error":null},"agreements":{"agreementById":{},"ids":{},"links":{},"meta":{},"loading":false,"error":null},"comparison":{"loading":false,"error":false,"templatesById":{},"comparisonByTemplateId":{},"products":[],"selectedTemplateId":null},"presentation":{"type":null,"company":{},"products":[],"partners":[],"formData":{},"dataLoading":false,"dataError":false,"loading":false,"error":false},"catalogsGlobal":{"subMenuItemTitle":""}}