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Расчет стоимости лицензионного ПО, ROI"}},{"translations":{"en":"keyword","ru":"каталог, программное обеспечение, софт, ит услуги","_type":"localeString"},"name":"keywords"},{"name":"title","translations":{"_type":"localeString","en":"Products","ru":"Продукты"}}],"title":{"_type":"localeString","en":"ROI4CIO: Products","ru":"ROI4CIO: Продукты"}}},"pageMetaDataStatus":{"products":"success"},"subscribeInProgress":false,"subscribeError":false},"auth":{"inProgress":false,"error":false,"checked":true,"initialized":false,"user":{},"role":null,"expires":null},"products":{"productsByAlias":{"a10-thunderr-adc":{"id":1276,"logoURL":"https://old.roi4cio.com/fileadmin/user_upload/A10_Thunder_R__ADC.jpg","logo":true,"scheme":false,"title":"A10 Thunder® ADC","vendorVerified":0,"rating":"1.00","implementationsCount":0,"suppliersCount":0,"supplierPartnersCount":0,"alias":"a10-thunderr-adc","companyTitle":"A10 Networks","companyTypes":["supplier","vendor"],"companyId":4094,"companyAlias":"a10-networks","description":"<span style=\"font-weight: bold;\">ADVANCED SERVER LOAD BALANCING</span>\r\nComplete full-proxy L4-7 load balancing with customizable server health checks and aFleX® L7 scripting.\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: bold;\">GLOBAL SERVER LOAD BALANCING (GSLB)</span>\r\nExtend load balancing on a global basis to enable worldwide business continuity with faster, localized server responses.\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: bold;\">APPLICATION DELIVERY PARTITIONS (ADP)</span>\r\n1,000-plus partitions offer the highest-density, multi-tenant solutions for customizable policies and appliance consolidation.\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: bold;\">SSL OFFLOAD WITH PFS AND ECC</span>\r\nPerfect Forward Secrecy with a full cipher suite, including Elliptic Curve, provide SSL offload at the industry’s highest levels.\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: bold;\">APPLICATION ACCELERATION AND OPTIMIZATION</span>\r\nCaching, compression and TCP reuse combine to expedite content transfer for enhanced app performance.\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: bold;\">WEB AND DNS PROTECTION</span>\r\nSecure services and meet compliance targets better with single sign-on, web and DNS firewalls, and DDoS protection.\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: bold;\">PER-APPLICATION ANALYTICS</span>\r\nIntegrate with the A10 Harmony™ Controller for visibility into user experiences, traffic profiles and health checks to improve performance.\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: bold;\">AXAPI® REST-BASED PROGRAMMABILITY</span>\r\nConfigure all features with 100 percent API coverage and enable third-party management.","shortDescription":"A10 Thunder® ADC - LOAD BALANCING & APPLICATION DELIVERY\r\nA10 Thunder® ADC (Application Delivery Controllers) are high-performance solutions to enable customer applications to be highly available, accelerated and secure.\r\n","type":null,"isRoiCalculatorAvaliable":false,"isConfiguratorAvaliable":false,"bonus":100,"usingCount":0,"sellingCount":0,"discontinued":0,"rebateForPoc":0,"rebate":0,"seo":{"title":"A10 Thunder® ADC","keywords":"with, APPLICATION, enable, checks, health, performance, server, BALANCING","description":"<span style=\"font-weight: bold;\">ADVANCED SERVER LOAD BALANCING</span>\r\nComplete full-proxy L4-7 load balancing with customizable server health checks and aFleX® L7 scripting.\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: bold;\">GLOBAL SERVER LOAD BALANCING (GSLB)</span>\r\nExte","og:title":"A10 Thunder® ADC","og:description":"<span style=\"font-weight: bold;\">ADVANCED SERVER LOAD BALANCING</span>\r\nComplete full-proxy L4-7 load balancing with customizable server health checks and aFleX® L7 scripting.\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: bold;\">GLOBAL SERVER LOAD BALANCING (GSLB)</span>\r\nExte","og:image":"https://old.roi4cio.com/fileadmin/user_upload/A10_Thunder_R__ADC.jpg"},"eventUrl":"","translationId":1276,"dealDetails":null,"roi":null,"price":null,"bonusForReference":null,"templateData":[],"testingArea":"","categories":[{"id":443,"title":"Application Delivery Controller (load balancer) - appliance","alias":"application-delivery-controller-load-balancer-appliance","description":" Application Delivery Controllers are the next generation of load balancers, and are typically located between the firewall/router and the web server farm. An application delivery controller is a network device that helps sites direct user traffic to remove excess load from two or more servers. In addition to providing Layer 4 load balancing, ADCs can manage Layer 7 for content switching, and also provide SSL offload and acceleration. They tend to offer more advanced features such as content redirection as well as server health monitoring. An Application delivery controller may also be known as a Web switch, URL switch, Web content switch, content switch and Layer 7 switch.\r\nToday, advanced application delivery controllers and intelligent load balancers are not only affordable, but the consolidation of Layer 4-7 load balancing and content switching, and server offload capabilities such as SSL, data caching and compression provides companies with cost-effective out-of-the-box infrastructure.\r\nFor enterprise organizations (companies with 1,000 or more employees), integrating best-of-breed network infrastructure is commonplace. However best-of-breed does not equate with deploying networks with enterprise-specific features and expensive products, but rather, deploying products that are purpose-built, with the explicit features, performance, reliability and scalability created specifically for the companies of all sizes.\r\nIn general, businesses of all sizes are inclined to purchase “big brand” products. However, smaller vendors that offer products within the same category can provide the optimal performance, features and reliability required, with the same benefits - at a lower cost.\r\nFor the enterprise market, best-of-breed comes with a high Total Cost of Ownership (TCO), since deploying products from various manufacturers requires additional training, maintenance and support. Kemp can help SMBs lower their TCO, and help them build reliable, high performance and scalable web and application infrastructure. Kemp products have a high price/performance value for SMBs. Our products are purpose-built for SMB businesses for dramatically less than the price of “big name” ADC and SLB vendors who are developing features that enterprise customers might use.","materialsDescription":" <span style=\"font-weight: bold;\">What are application delivery controllers?</span>\r\nApplication Delivery Controllers (ADCs) are the next stage in the development of server load balancing solutions. ADCs allow you to perform not only the tasks of balancing user requests between servers, but also incorporate mechanisms that increase the performance, security and resiliency of applications, as well as ensure their scalability.\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: bold;\">And what other possibilities do application controllers have?</span>\r\nIn addition to the function of uniform distribution of user requests, application delivery controllers have many other interesting features. They can provide around-the-clock availability of services, improve web application performance up to five times, reduce risks when launching new services, protect confidential data, and publish internal applications to the outside with secure external access (a potential replacement for outgoing Microsoft TMG).\r\nOne of the most important functions of application delivery controllers, which distinguish them from simple load balancers, is the presence of a functional capable of processing information issued to the user based on certain rules.\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: bold;\">What are the prerequisites for implementing application delivery controllers in a particular organization?</span>\r\nA number of factors can determine the criteria for deciding whether to implement application controllers in your organization. First, this is the poor performance of web services, which is a long download of content, frequent hangs and crashes. Secondly, such a prerequisite can be interruptions in the work of services and communication channels, expressed in failures in the transmitting and receiving equipment that ensures the operation of the data transmission network, as well as failures in the operation of servers.\r\nIn addition, it is worth thinking about implementing application delivery controllers if you use Microsoft TMG or Cisco ACE products, since they are no longer supported by the manufacturer. A prerequisite for the implementation of ADC may be the launch of new large web projects, since this process will inevitably entail the need to ensure the operability of this web project with the maintenance of high fault tolerance and performance.\r\nAlso, controllers are needed when you need to provide fault tolerance, continuous availability and high speed of applications that are consolidated in the data center. A similar situation arises when it is necessary to build a backup data center: here you also need to ensure fault tolerance between several data centers located in different cities.\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: bold;\">What are the prospects for the introduction of application controllers in Russia and in the world?</span>\r\nGartner's research shows that there have recently been marked changes in the market for products that offer load balancing mechanisms. In this segment, user demand shifts from servers implementing a simple load balancing mechanism to devices offering richer functionality.\r\nGartner: “The era of load balancing has long gone, and companies need to focus on products that offer richer application delivery functionality.”\r\nIn Russia, due to the specifics of the internal IT market, application controllers are implemented mainly because of the presence of some specific functionality, and not because of the comprehensive solution for delivering applications in general, which this product offers. The main task for which application delivery controllers are now most often sold is the same load balancing function as before.","iconURL":"https://old.roi4cio.com/fileadmin/user_upload/icon_Application_Delivery_Controller_load_balancer_appliance.png"}],"characteristics":[],"concurentProducts":[],"jobRoles":[],"organizationalFeatures":[],"complementaryCategories":[],"solutions":[],"materials":[],"useCases":[],"best_practices":[],"values":[],"implementations":[]},"adnovum-nevisproxy":{"id":2195,"logoURL":"https://old.roi4cio.com/fileadmin/user_upload/nevisproxy.png","logo":true,"scheme":false,"title":"Adnovum nevisProxy","vendorVerified":0,"rating":"1.00","implementationsCount":0,"suppliersCount":0,"supplierPartnersCount":0,"alias":"adnovum-nevisproxy","companyTitle":"Adnovum","companyTypes":["supplier","vendor"],"companyId":4569,"companyAlias":"adnovum","description":"<p>nevisProxy is a secure reverse proxy with integrated web application firewall (WAF). It acts as a central upstream entry point for web traffic to integrated online applications. nevisProxy controls user access and protects sensitive data, applications, services, and systems from internal and external threats.</p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: bold;\">Features and Tasks:</span></p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li>Protection against denial-of-service attacks</li>\r\n<li>SSL termination (encryption and acceleration)</li>\r\n<li>Session and timeout handling (single session)</li>\r\n<li>SSO (single signon)</li>\r\n<li>Initialization of multi-step authentication</li>\r\n<li>Authentication in cooperation with nevisAuth</li>\r\n<li>Propagation of user identities incl. additional information (roles) in secure token (SAML, JWT, Nevis SecToken, HTTP Header etc.)</li>\r\n<li>Role-based authorization</li>\r\n<li>Cookie caching</li>\r\n<li>Renegotiation of client session association</li>\r\n<li>Caching and data compression</li>\r\n<li>Content inspection and validation (HTML, XML, JSON etc.)</li>\r\n<li>Input validation (black- and whitelists with self-learning)</li>\r\n<li>Virtual patching enables rapid reaction in case of serious security threats</li>\r\n<li>URL signing and encryption</li>\r\n</ul>","shortDescription":"nevisProxy controls user access and protects sensitive data, applications, services, and systems from internal and external threats, without compromising on user-friendliness.","type":null,"isRoiCalculatorAvaliable":false,"isConfiguratorAvaliable":false,"bonus":100,"usingCount":0,"sellingCount":0,"discontinued":0,"rebateForPoc":0,"rebate":0,"seo":{"title":"Adnovum nevisProxy","keywords":"","description":"<p>nevisProxy is a secure reverse proxy with integrated web application firewall (WAF). It acts as a central upstream entry point for web traffic to integrated online applications. nevisProxy controls user access and protects sensitive data, applications, serv","og:title":"Adnovum nevisProxy","og:description":"<p>nevisProxy is a secure reverse proxy with integrated web application firewall (WAF). It acts as a central upstream entry point for web traffic to integrated online applications. nevisProxy controls user access and protects sensitive data, applications, serv","og:image":"https://old.roi4cio.com/fileadmin/user_upload/nevisproxy.png"},"eventUrl":"","translationId":2195,"dealDetails":null,"roi":null,"price":null,"bonusForReference":null,"templateData":[{"id":19,"title":"WAF - Web Application Firewall"}],"testingArea":"","categories":[{"id":546,"title":"WAF-web application firewall appliance","alias":"waf-web-application-firewall-appliance","description":"A web application firewall is a special type of application firewall that applies specifically to web applications. It is deployed in front of web applications and analyzes bi-directional web-based (HTTP) traffic - detecting and blocking anything malicious. The OWASP provides a broad technical definition for a WAF as “a security solution on the web application level which - from a technical point of view - does not depend on the application itself.” According to the PCI DSS Information Supplement for requirement 6.6, a WAF is defined as “a security policy enforcement point positioned between a web application and the client endpoint. This functionality can be implemented in hardware, running in an appliance device, or in a typical server running a common operating system. It may be a stand-alone device or integrated into other network components.” In other words, a WAF can be a physical appliance that prevents vulnerabilities in web applications from being exploited by outside threats. These vulnerabilities may be because the application itself is a legacy type or it was insufficiently coded by design. The WAF addresses these code shortcomings by special configurations of rule sets, also known as policies.\r\nPreviously unknown vulnerabilities can be discovered through penetration testing or via a vulnerability scanner. A web application vulnerability scanner, also known as a web application security scanner, is defined in the SAMATE NIST 500-269 as “an automated program that examines web applications for potential security vulnerabilities. In addition to searching for web application-specific vulnerabilities, the tools also look for software coding errors.” Resolving vulnerabilities is commonly referred to as remediation. Corrections to the code can be made in the application but typically a more prompt response is necessary. In these situations, the application of a custom policy for a unique web application vulnerability to provide a temporary but immediate fix (known as a virtual patch) may be necessary.\r\nWAFs are not an ultimate security solution, rather they are meant to be used in conjunction with other network perimeter security solutions such as network firewalls and intrusion prevention systems to provide a holistic defense strategy.\r\nWAFs typically follow a positive security model, a negative security model, or a combination of both as mentioned by the SANS Institute. WAFs use a combination of rule-based logic, parsing, and signatures to detect and prevent attacks such as cross-site scripting and SQL injection. The OWASP produces a list of the top ten web application security flaws. All commercial WAF offerings cover these ten flaws at a minimum. There are non-commercial options as well. As mentioned earlier, the well-known open source WAF engine called ModSecurity is one of these options. A WAF engine alone is insufficient to provide adequate protection, therefore OWASP along with Trustwave's Spiderlabs help organize and maintain a Core-Rule Set via GitHub to use with the ModSecurity WAF engine.","materialsDescription":"A Web Application Firewall or WAF provides security for online services from malicious Internet traffic. WAFs detect and filter out threats such as the OWASP Top 10, which could degrade, compromise or bring down online applications.\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: bold;\">What are Web Application Firewalls?</span>\r\nWeb application firewalls assist load balancing by examining HTTP traffic before it reaches the application server. They also protect against web application vulnerability and unauthorized transfer of data from the web server at a time when security breaches are on the rise. According to the Verizon Data Breach Investigations Report, web application attacks were the most prevalent breaches in 2017 and 2018.\r\nThe PCI Security Standards Council defines a web application firewall as “a security policy enforcement point positioned between a web application and the client endpoint. This functionality can be implemented in software or hardware, running in an appliance device, or in a typical server running a common operating system. It may be a stand-alone device or integrated into other network components.”\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: bold;\">How does a Web Application Firewall wWork?</span>\r\nA web application firewall (WAF) intercepts and inspects all HTTP requests using a security model based on a set of customized policies to weed out bogus traffic. WAFs block bad traffic outright or can challenge a visitor with a CAPTCHA test that humans can pass but a malicious bot or computer program cannot.\r\nWAFs follow rules or policies customized to specific vulnerabilities. As a result, this is how WAFs prevent DDoS attacks. Creating the rules on a traditional WAF can be complex and require expert administration. The Open Web Application Security Project maintains a list of the OWASP top web application security flaws for WAF policies to address.\r\nWAFs come in the form of hardware appliances, server-side software, or filter traffic as-a-service. WAFs can be considered as reverse proxies i.e. the opposite of a proxy server. Proxy servers protect devices from malicious applications, while WAFs protect web applications from malicious endpoints.\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: bold;\">What Are Some Web Application Firewall Benefits?</span>\r\nA web application firewall (WAF) prevents attacks that try to take advantage of the vulnerabilities in web-based applications. The vulnerabilities are common in legacy applications or applications with poor coding or designs. WAFs handle the code deficiencies with custom rules or policies.\r\nIntelligent WAFs provide real-time insights into application traffic, performance, security and threat landscape. This visibility gives administrators the flexibility to respond to the most sophisticated attacks on protected applications.\r\nWhen the Open Web Application Security Project identifies the OWASP top vulnerabilities, WAFs allow administrators to create custom security rules to combat the list of potential attack methods. An intelligent WAF analyzes the security rules matching a particular transaction and provides a real-time view as attack patterns evolve. Based on this intelligence, the WAF can reduce false positives.\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: bold;\">What Is the Difference Between a Firewall and a Web Application Firewall?</span>\r\nA traditional firewall protects the flow of information between servers while a web application firewall is able to filter traffic for a specific web application. Network firewalls and web application firewalls are complementary and can work together.\r\nTraditional security methods include network firewalls, intrusion detection systems (IDS) and intrusion prevention systems (IPS). They are effective at blocking bad L3-L4 traffic at the perimeter on the lower end (L3-L4) of the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model. Traditional firewalls cannot detect attacks in web applications because they do not understand Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) which occurs at layer 7 of the OSI model. They also only allow the port that sends and receives requested web pages from an HTTP server to be open or closed. This is why web application firewalls are effective for preventing attacks like SQL injections, session hijacking and Cross-Site Scripting (XSS).\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: bold;\">When Should You Use a Web Application Firewall?</span>\r\nAny business that uses a website to generate revenue should use a web application firewall to protect business data and services. Organizations that use online vendors should especially deploy web application firewalls because the security of outside groups cannot be controlled or trusted.\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: bold;\">How Do You Use a Web Application Firewall?</span>\r\nA web application firewall requires correct positioning, configuration, administration and monitoring. Web application firewall installation must include the following four steps: secure, monitor, test and improve. This should be a continuous process to ensure application specific protection.<br />The configuration of the firewall should be determined by the business rules and guardrails by the company’s security policy. This approach will allow the rules and filters in the web application firewall to define themselves.","iconURL":"https://old.roi4cio.com/fileadmin/user_upload/icon_WAF_web_application_firewall_appliance.png"},{"id":481,"title":"WAF-web application firewall","alias":"waf-web-application-firewall","description":"A <span style=\"font-weight: bold; \">WAF (Web Application Firewall)</span> helps protect web applications by filtering and monitoring HTTP traffic between a web application and the Internet. It typically protects web applications from attacks such as cross-site forgery, cross-site-scripting (XSS), file inclusion, and SQL injection, among others. A WAF is a protocol layer 7 defense (in the OSI model), and is not designed to defend against all types of attacks. This method of attack mitigation is usually part of a suite of tools which together create a holistic defense against a range of attack vectors.\r\nIn recent years, web application security has become increasingly important, especially after web application attacks ranked as the most common reason for breaches, as reported in the Verizon Data Breach Investigations Report. WAFs have become a critical component of web application security, and guard against web application vulnerabilities while providing the ability to customize the security rules for each application. As WAF is inline with traffic, some functions are conveniently implemented by a load balancer.\r\nAccording to the PCI Security Standards Council, WAFs function as “a security policy enforcement point positioned between a web application and the client endpoint. This functionality can be implemented in software or hardware, running in an appliance device, or in a typical server running a common operating system. It may be a stand-alone device or integrated into other network components.”\r\nBy deploying a WAF firewall in front of a web application, a shield is placed between the web application and the Internet. While a proxy server protects a client machine’s identity by using an intermediary, a web firewall is a type of reverse-proxy, protecting the server from exposure by having clients pass through the WAF before reaching the server.\r\nA WAF operates through a set of rules often called <span style=\"font-weight: bold; \">policies.</span> These policies aim to protect against vulnerabilities in the application by filtering out malicious traffic. The value of a WAF management comes in part from the speed and ease with which policy modification can be implemented, allowing for faster response to varying attack vectors; during a DDoS attack, rate limiting can be quickly implemented by modifying WAF policies.\r\nWAF solutions can be deployed in several ways—it all depends on where your applications are deployed, the services needed, how you want to manage it, and the level of architectural flexibility and performance you require. Do you want to manage it yourself, or do you want to outsource that management? Is it a better model to have a cloud WAF service, option or do you want your WAF to sit on-premises?\r\n<p class=\"align-center\"><span style=\"font-weight: bold; \">A WAF products can be implemented one of three different ways:</span></p>\r\n<ul><li><span style=\"font-weight: bold; \">A network-based WAF</span> is generally hardware-based. Since they are installed locally they minimize latency, but network-based WAFs are the most expensive option and also require the storage and maintenance of physical equipment.</li><li><span style=\"font-weight: bold; \">A host-based WAF</span> may be fully integrated into an application’s software. This solution is less expensive than a network-based WAF and offers more customizability. The downside of a host-based WAF is the consumption of local server resources, implementation complexity, and maintenance costs. These components typically require engineering time, and may be costly.</li><li><span style=\"font-weight: bold; \">Cloud-based WAFs</span> offer an affordable option that is very easy to implement; they usually offer a turnkey installation that is as simple as a change in DNS to redirect traffic. Cloud-based WAFs also have a minimal upfront cost, as users pay monthly or annually for security as a service. Cloud-based WAFs can also offer a solution that is consistently updated to protect against the newest threats without any additional work or cost on the user’s end. The drawback of a cloud-based WAF is that users hand over the responsibility to a third-party, therefore some features of the WAF may be a black box to them. </li></ul>\r\n<p class=\"align-left\">&nbsp;</p>\r\n\r\n","materialsDescription":"<p class=\"align-center\"><span style=\"color: rgb(97, 97, 97); \"><span style=\"font-weight: bold; \">What types of attack WAF prevents?</span></span></p>\r\n<p class=\"align-left\"><span style=\"color: rgb(97, 97, 97); \">WAFs can prevent many attacks, including:</span></p>\r\n<ul><li><span style=\"color: rgb(97, 97, 97); \">Cross-site Scripting (XSS) — Attackers inject client-side scripts into web pages viewed by other users.</span></li><li><span style=\"color: rgb(97, 97, 97); \">SQL injection — Malicious code is inserted or injected into an web entry field that allows attackers to compromise the application and underlying systems.</span></li><li><span style=\"color: rgb(97, 97, 97); \">Cookie poisoning — Modification of a cookie to gain unauthorized information about the user for purposes such as identity theft.</span></li><li><span style=\"color: rgb(97, 97, 97); \">Unvalidated input — Attackers tamper with HTTP request (including the url, headers and form fields) to bypass the site’s security mechanisms.</span></li><li><span style=\"color: rgb(97, 97, 97); \">Layer 7 DoS — An HTTP flood attack that utilizes valid requests in typical URL data retrievals.</span></li><li><span style=\"color: rgb(97, 97, 97); \">Web scraping — Data scraping used for extracting data from websites.</span><span style=\"font-weight: bold; \"></span></li></ul>\r\n<p class=\"align-center\"><span style=\"font-weight: bold; \">What are some WAFs Benefits?</span></p>\r\nWeb app firewall prevents attacks that try to take advantage of the vulnerabilities in web-based applications. The vulnerabilities are common in legacy applications or applications with poor coding or designs. WAFs handle the code deficiencies with custom rules or policies.\r\nIntelligent WAFs provide real-time insights into application traffic, performance, security and threat landscape. This visibility gives administrators the flexibility to respond to the most sophisticated attacks on protected applications.\r\nWhen the Open Web Application Security Project identifies the OWASP top vulnerabilities, WAFs allow administrators to create custom security rules to combat the list of potential attack methods. An intelligent WAF analyzes the security rules matching a particular transaction and provides a real-time view as attack patterns evolve. Based on this intelligence, the WAF can reduce false positives.\r\n<p class=\"align-center\"><span style=\"font-weight: bold; \">What is the difference between a firewall and a Web Application Firewall?</span></p>\r\nA traditional firewall protects the flow of information between servers while a web application firewall is able to filter traffic for a specific web application. Network firewalls and web application firewalls are complementary and can work together.\r\nTraditional security methods include network firewalls, intrusion detection systems (IDS) and intrusion prevention systems (IPS). They are effective at blocking bad L3-L4 traffic at the perimeter on the lower end (L3-L4) of the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model. Traditional firewalls cannot detect attacks in web applications because they do not understand Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) which occurs at layer 7 of the OSI model. They also only allow the port that sends and receives requested web pages from an HTTP server to be open or closed. This is why web application firewalls are effective for preventing attacks like SQL injections, session hijacking and Cross-Site Scripting (XSS).","iconURL":"https://old.roi4cio.com/fileadmin/user_upload/icon_WAF_web_application_firewall.png"}],"characteristics":[],"concurentProducts":[],"jobRoles":[],"organizationalFeatures":[],"complementaryCategories":[],"solutions":[],"materials":[],"useCases":[],"best_practices":[],"values":[],"implementations":[]},"airlock-web-application-firewall":{"id":1623,"logoURL":"https://old.roi4cio.com/fileadmin/user_upload/Airlock.png","logo":true,"scheme":false,"title":"Airlock Web Application Firewall","vendorVerified":0,"rating":"1.00","implementationsCount":0,"suppliersCount":0,"supplierPartnersCount":0,"alias":"airlock-web-application-firewall","companyTitle":"Ergon Informatik AG","companyTypes":["supplier","vendor"],"companyId":4288,"companyAlias":"ergon-informatik-ag","description":"The Airlock Web Application Firewall offers a unique combination of protective mechanisms for web applications. Whether your objective is PCI DSS compliance, security for online banking or protection for eCommerce: Airlock WAF will upgrade security for your internet applications &ndash; a permanent solution with a host of well thought-out functionalities.\r\nThanks to Airlock WAF, businesses can exploit the potential of the internet without jeopardizing the security and availability of their web applications and services. Each access is systematically monitored and filtered at every level. Used in conjunction with an authentication solution such as Airlock Login or IAM, Airlock WAF can force upstream user authentication and authorization. This allows a uniform, central single sign-on infrastructure. All important information is also made available via monitoring and reporting functions. Airlock WAF is the only web application security solution on the market that provides superlative end-to-end protection for complex web environments.\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: bold;\">Airlock WAF - The main features</span>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li>Secure Reverse Proxy</li>\r\n<li>Central Checkpoint</li>\r\n<li>Filtering</li>\r\n<li>API Security</li>\r\n<li>Dynamic Whitelisting</li>\r\n<li>Central Security Hub</li>\r\n<li>High Availability and Performance</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: bold;\">Airlock WAF is also available as a hardware appliance</span>\r\nWith the Airlock WAF hardware appliance, setup and going live will be even easier than today. Of course, hardware appliances can be connected to build a failover cluster with active session synchronization.","shortDescription":"The Airlock Web Application Firewall offers a unique combination of protective mechanisms for web applications, whether your objective is PCI DSS compliance, security for online banking or protection ","type":null,"isRoiCalculatorAvaliable":false,"isConfiguratorAvaliable":false,"bonus":100,"usingCount":0,"sellingCount":0,"discontinued":0,"rebateForPoc":0,"rebate":0,"seo":{"title":"Airlock Web Application Firewall","keywords":"","description":"The Airlock Web Application Firewall offers a unique combination of protective mechanisms for web applications. Whether your objective is PCI DSS compliance, security for online banking or protection for eCommerce: Airlock WAF will upgrade security for your in","og:title":"Airlock Web Application Firewall","og:description":"The Airlock Web Application Firewall offers a unique combination of protective mechanisms for web applications. Whether your objective is PCI DSS compliance, security for online banking or protection for eCommerce: Airlock WAF will upgrade security for your in","og:image":"https://old.roi4cio.com/fileadmin/user_upload/Airlock.png"},"eventUrl":"","translationId":1623,"dealDetails":null,"roi":null,"price":null,"bonusForReference":null,"templateData":[{"id":19,"title":"WAF - Web Application Firewall"}],"testingArea":"","categories":[{"id":546,"title":"WAF-web application firewall appliance","alias":"waf-web-application-firewall-appliance","description":"A web application firewall is a special type of application firewall that applies specifically to web applications. It is deployed in front of web applications and analyzes bi-directional web-based (HTTP) traffic - detecting and blocking anything malicious. The OWASP provides a broad technical definition for a WAF as “a security solution on the web application level which - from a technical point of view - does not depend on the application itself.” According to the PCI DSS Information Supplement for requirement 6.6, a WAF is defined as “a security policy enforcement point positioned between a web application and the client endpoint. This functionality can be implemented in hardware, running in an appliance device, or in a typical server running a common operating system. It may be a stand-alone device or integrated into other network components.” In other words, a WAF can be a physical appliance that prevents vulnerabilities in web applications from being exploited by outside threats. These vulnerabilities may be because the application itself is a legacy type or it was insufficiently coded by design. The WAF addresses these code shortcomings by special configurations of rule sets, also known as policies.\r\nPreviously unknown vulnerabilities can be discovered through penetration testing or via a vulnerability scanner. A web application vulnerability scanner, also known as a web application security scanner, is defined in the SAMATE NIST 500-269 as “an automated program that examines web applications for potential security vulnerabilities. In addition to searching for web application-specific vulnerabilities, the tools also look for software coding errors.” Resolving vulnerabilities is commonly referred to as remediation. Corrections to the code can be made in the application but typically a more prompt response is necessary. In these situations, the application of a custom policy for a unique web application vulnerability to provide a temporary but immediate fix (known as a virtual patch) may be necessary.\r\nWAFs are not an ultimate security solution, rather they are meant to be used in conjunction with other network perimeter security solutions such as network firewalls and intrusion prevention systems to provide a holistic defense strategy.\r\nWAFs typically follow a positive security model, a negative security model, or a combination of both as mentioned by the SANS Institute. WAFs use a combination of rule-based logic, parsing, and signatures to detect and prevent attacks such as cross-site scripting and SQL injection. The OWASP produces a list of the top ten web application security flaws. All commercial WAF offerings cover these ten flaws at a minimum. There are non-commercial options as well. As mentioned earlier, the well-known open source WAF engine called ModSecurity is one of these options. A WAF engine alone is insufficient to provide adequate protection, therefore OWASP along with Trustwave's Spiderlabs help organize and maintain a Core-Rule Set via GitHub to use with the ModSecurity WAF engine.","materialsDescription":"A Web Application Firewall or WAF provides security for online services from malicious Internet traffic. WAFs detect and filter out threats such as the OWASP Top 10, which could degrade, compromise or bring down online applications.\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: bold;\">What are Web Application Firewalls?</span>\r\nWeb application firewalls assist load balancing by examining HTTP traffic before it reaches the application server. They also protect against web application vulnerability and unauthorized transfer of data from the web server at a time when security breaches are on the rise. According to the Verizon Data Breach Investigations Report, web application attacks were the most prevalent breaches in 2017 and 2018.\r\nThe PCI Security Standards Council defines a web application firewall as “a security policy enforcement point positioned between a web application and the client endpoint. This functionality can be implemented in software or hardware, running in an appliance device, or in a typical server running a common operating system. It may be a stand-alone device or integrated into other network components.”\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: bold;\">How does a Web Application Firewall wWork?</span>\r\nA web application firewall (WAF) intercepts and inspects all HTTP requests using a security model based on a set of customized policies to weed out bogus traffic. WAFs block bad traffic outright or can challenge a visitor with a CAPTCHA test that humans can pass but a malicious bot or computer program cannot.\r\nWAFs follow rules or policies customized to specific vulnerabilities. As a result, this is how WAFs prevent DDoS attacks. Creating the rules on a traditional WAF can be complex and require expert administration. The Open Web Application Security Project maintains a list of the OWASP top web application security flaws for WAF policies to address.\r\nWAFs come in the form of hardware appliances, server-side software, or filter traffic as-a-service. WAFs can be considered as reverse proxies i.e. the opposite of a proxy server. Proxy servers protect devices from malicious applications, while WAFs protect web applications from malicious endpoints.\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: bold;\">What Are Some Web Application Firewall Benefits?</span>\r\nA web application firewall (WAF) prevents attacks that try to take advantage of the vulnerabilities in web-based applications. The vulnerabilities are common in legacy applications or applications with poor coding or designs. WAFs handle the code deficiencies with custom rules or policies.\r\nIntelligent WAFs provide real-time insights into application traffic, performance, security and threat landscape. This visibility gives administrators the flexibility to respond to the most sophisticated attacks on protected applications.\r\nWhen the Open Web Application Security Project identifies the OWASP top vulnerabilities, WAFs allow administrators to create custom security rules to combat the list of potential attack methods. An intelligent WAF analyzes the security rules matching a particular transaction and provides a real-time view as attack patterns evolve. Based on this intelligence, the WAF can reduce false positives.\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: bold;\">What Is the Difference Between a Firewall and a Web Application Firewall?</span>\r\nA traditional firewall protects the flow of information between servers while a web application firewall is able to filter traffic for a specific web application. Network firewalls and web application firewalls are complementary and can work together.\r\nTraditional security methods include network firewalls, intrusion detection systems (IDS) and intrusion prevention systems (IPS). They are effective at blocking bad L3-L4 traffic at the perimeter on the lower end (L3-L4) of the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model. Traditional firewalls cannot detect attacks in web applications because they do not understand Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) which occurs at layer 7 of the OSI model. They also only allow the port that sends and receives requested web pages from an HTTP server to be open or closed. This is why web application firewalls are effective for preventing attacks like SQL injections, session hijacking and Cross-Site Scripting (XSS).\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: bold;\">When Should You Use a Web Application Firewall?</span>\r\nAny business that uses a website to generate revenue should use a web application firewall to protect business data and services. Organizations that use online vendors should especially deploy web application firewalls because the security of outside groups cannot be controlled or trusted.\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: bold;\">How Do You Use a Web Application Firewall?</span>\r\nA web application firewall requires correct positioning, configuration, administration and monitoring. Web application firewall installation must include the following four steps: secure, monitor, test and improve. This should be a continuous process to ensure application specific protection.<br />The configuration of the firewall should be determined by the business rules and guardrails by the company’s security policy. This approach will allow the rules and filters in the web application firewall to define themselves.","iconURL":"https://old.roi4cio.com/fileadmin/user_upload/icon_WAF_web_application_firewall_appliance.png"},{"id":481,"title":"WAF-web application firewall","alias":"waf-web-application-firewall","description":"A <span style=\"font-weight: bold; \">WAF (Web Application Firewall)</span> helps protect web applications by filtering and monitoring HTTP traffic between a web application and the Internet. It typically protects web applications from attacks such as cross-site forgery, cross-site-scripting (XSS), file inclusion, and SQL injection, among others. A WAF is a protocol layer 7 defense (in the OSI model), and is not designed to defend against all types of attacks. This method of attack mitigation is usually part of a suite of tools which together create a holistic defense against a range of attack vectors.\r\nIn recent years, web application security has become increasingly important, especially after web application attacks ranked as the most common reason for breaches, as reported in the Verizon Data Breach Investigations Report. WAFs have become a critical component of web application security, and guard against web application vulnerabilities while providing the ability to customize the security rules for each application. As WAF is inline with traffic, some functions are conveniently implemented by a load balancer.\r\nAccording to the PCI Security Standards Council, WAFs function as “a security policy enforcement point positioned between a web application and the client endpoint. This functionality can be implemented in software or hardware, running in an appliance device, or in a typical server running a common operating system. It may be a stand-alone device or integrated into other network components.”\r\nBy deploying a WAF firewall in front of a web application, a shield is placed between the web application and the Internet. While a proxy server protects a client machine’s identity by using an intermediary, a web firewall is a type of reverse-proxy, protecting the server from exposure by having clients pass through the WAF before reaching the server.\r\nA WAF operates through a set of rules often called <span style=\"font-weight: bold; \">policies.</span> These policies aim to protect against vulnerabilities in the application by filtering out malicious traffic. The value of a WAF management comes in part from the speed and ease with which policy modification can be implemented, allowing for faster response to varying attack vectors; during a DDoS attack, rate limiting can be quickly implemented by modifying WAF policies.\r\nWAF solutions can be deployed in several ways—it all depends on where your applications are deployed, the services needed, how you want to manage it, and the level of architectural flexibility and performance you require. Do you want to manage it yourself, or do you want to outsource that management? Is it a better model to have a cloud WAF service, option or do you want your WAF to sit on-premises?\r\n<p class=\"align-center\"><span style=\"font-weight: bold; \">A WAF products can be implemented one of three different ways:</span></p>\r\n<ul><li><span style=\"font-weight: bold; \">A network-based WAF</span> is generally hardware-based. Since they are installed locally they minimize latency, but network-based WAFs are the most expensive option and also require the storage and maintenance of physical equipment.</li><li><span style=\"font-weight: bold; \">A host-based WAF</span> may be fully integrated into an application’s software. This solution is less expensive than a network-based WAF and offers more customizability. The downside of a host-based WAF is the consumption of local server resources, implementation complexity, and maintenance costs. These components typically require engineering time, and may be costly.</li><li><span style=\"font-weight: bold; \">Cloud-based WAFs</span> offer an affordable option that is very easy to implement; they usually offer a turnkey installation that is as simple as a change in DNS to redirect traffic. Cloud-based WAFs also have a minimal upfront cost, as users pay monthly or annually for security as a service. Cloud-based WAFs can also offer a solution that is consistently updated to protect against the newest threats without any additional work or cost on the user’s end. The drawback of a cloud-based WAF is that users hand over the responsibility to a third-party, therefore some features of the WAF may be a black box to them. </li></ul>\r\n<p class=\"align-left\">&nbsp;</p>\r\n\r\n","materialsDescription":"<p class=\"align-center\"><span style=\"color: rgb(97, 97, 97); \"><span style=\"font-weight: bold; \">What types of attack WAF prevents?</span></span></p>\r\n<p class=\"align-left\"><span style=\"color: rgb(97, 97, 97); \">WAFs can prevent many attacks, including:</span></p>\r\n<ul><li><span style=\"color: rgb(97, 97, 97); \">Cross-site Scripting (XSS) — Attackers inject client-side scripts into web pages viewed by other users.</span></li><li><span style=\"color: rgb(97, 97, 97); \">SQL injection — Malicious code is inserted or injected into an web entry field that allows attackers to compromise the application and underlying systems.</span></li><li><span style=\"color: rgb(97, 97, 97); \">Cookie poisoning — Modification of a cookie to gain unauthorized information about the user for purposes such as identity theft.</span></li><li><span style=\"color: rgb(97, 97, 97); \">Unvalidated input — Attackers tamper with HTTP request (including the url, headers and form fields) to bypass the site’s security mechanisms.</span></li><li><span style=\"color: rgb(97, 97, 97); \">Layer 7 DoS — An HTTP flood attack that utilizes valid requests in typical URL data retrievals.</span></li><li><span style=\"color: rgb(97, 97, 97); \">Web scraping — Data scraping used for extracting data from websites.</span><span style=\"font-weight: bold; \"></span></li></ul>\r\n<p class=\"align-center\"><span style=\"font-weight: bold; \">What are some WAFs Benefits?</span></p>\r\nWeb app firewall prevents attacks that try to take advantage of the vulnerabilities in web-based applications. The vulnerabilities are common in legacy applications or applications with poor coding or designs. WAFs handle the code deficiencies with custom rules or policies.\r\nIntelligent WAFs provide real-time insights into application traffic, performance, security and threat landscape. This visibility gives administrators the flexibility to respond to the most sophisticated attacks on protected applications.\r\nWhen the Open Web Application Security Project identifies the OWASP top vulnerabilities, WAFs allow administrators to create custom security rules to combat the list of potential attack methods. An intelligent WAF analyzes the security rules matching a particular transaction and provides a real-time view as attack patterns evolve. Based on this intelligence, the WAF can reduce false positives.\r\n<p class=\"align-center\"><span style=\"font-weight: bold; \">What is the difference between a firewall and a Web Application Firewall?</span></p>\r\nA traditional firewall protects the flow of information between servers while a web application firewall is able to filter traffic for a specific web application. Network firewalls and web application firewalls are complementary and can work together.\r\nTraditional security methods include network firewalls, intrusion detection systems (IDS) and intrusion prevention systems (IPS). They are effective at blocking bad L3-L4 traffic at the perimeter on the lower end (L3-L4) of the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model. Traditional firewalls cannot detect attacks in web applications because they do not understand Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) which occurs at layer 7 of the OSI model. They also only allow the port that sends and receives requested web pages from an HTTP server to be open or closed. This is why web application firewalls are effective for preventing attacks like SQL injections, session hijacking and Cross-Site Scripting (XSS).","iconURL":"https://old.roi4cio.com/fileadmin/user_upload/icon_WAF_web_application_firewall.png"}],"characteristics":[],"concurentProducts":[],"jobRoles":[],"organizationalFeatures":[],"complementaryCategories":[],"solutions":[],"materials":[],"useCases":[],"best_practices":[],"values":[],"implementations":[]},"akamai-kona-web-application-firewall":{"id":1603,"logoURL":"https://old.roi4cio.com/fileadmin/user_upload/Akamai_Technologies.png","logo":true,"scheme":false,"title":"Akamai Kona Web Application Firewall","vendorVerified":0,"rating":"1.00","implementationsCount":0,"suppliersCount":0,"supplierPartnersCount":0,"alias":"akamai-kona-web-application-firewall","companyTitle":"Akamai Technologies","companyTypes":["supplier","vendor"],"companyId":4283,"companyAlias":"akamai-technologies","description":"Ensure web application performance with Akamai&rsquo;s WAF. Kona Web Application Firewall from Akamai offers effective protection against web application attacks. Globally-distributed across the Akamai Intelligent Platform&trade;, Kona WAF can easily scale to defend against massive application attacks. Deployed at the edge of your network rather than in a data center, Kona WAF can identify and mitigate suspicious traffic without affecting performance or availability of the origin server. Security rules for Kona WAF are continuously refined by Akamai&rsquo;s Threat Intelligence Team to protect against known attacks and respond to emerging threats. <span style=\"font-weight: bold;\"><br /></span> <span style=\"font-weight: bold;\">With Kona WAF you can:&nbsp;</span>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li>Reduce the risk of downtime, data theft and security breaches with a WAF that can scale to protect against the largest DoS and DDoS attacks.</li>\r\n<li>Ensure high performance even during attacks thanks to Akamai&rsquo;s globally architecture.</li>\r\n<li>Defending against new and emerging threats with help from Akamai&rsquo;s Threat Intelligence Team.</li>\r\n<li>Minimize costs of cloud security by avoiding the need for expensive dedicated hardware.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: bold;\">Key capabilities of Kona WAF</span>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li>Kona WAF provides comprehensive capabilities to protect against application-layer attacks.&nbsp;</li>\r\n<li>Adaptive rate controls automatically protect against application-layer DDoS and other volumetric attacks by monitoring and controlling the rate of requests against applications.</li>\r\n<li>Application-layer controls offer pre-defined, configurable WAF rules that govern Request Limit Violations, Protocol Violations, HTTP Policy Violations and more.</li>\r\n<li>Network-layer controls automatically deflect network-layer DDoS attacks at the network edge and define and enforce IP whitelists and blacklists to restrict requests from certain IP addresses or geographical regions.</li>\r\n<li>Security monitor provides real-time visibility into security events and enables administrators to drill down into attack alerts.</li>\r\n<li>Logging features enable you to integrate WAF and event logs with security information and event management to increase your threat posture awareness.</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n","shortDescription":"Kona Web Application Firewall from Akamai provides an highly scalable application firewall that defends against emerging threats to web security while keeping application performance high.","type":null,"isRoiCalculatorAvaliable":false,"isConfiguratorAvaliable":false,"bonus":100,"usingCount":0,"sellingCount":0,"discontinued":0,"rebateForPoc":0,"rebate":0,"seo":{"title":"Akamai Kona Web Application Firewall","keywords":"","description":"Ensure web application performance with Akamai&rsquo;s WAF. Kona Web Application Firewall from Akamai offers effective protection against web application attacks. Globally-distributed across the Akamai Intelligent Platform&trade;, Kona WAF can easily scale to ","og:title":"Akamai Kona Web Application Firewall","og:description":"Ensure web application performance with Akamai&rsquo;s WAF. Kona Web Application Firewall from Akamai offers effective protection against web application attacks. Globally-distributed across the Akamai Intelligent Platform&trade;, Kona WAF can easily scale to ","og:image":"https://old.roi4cio.com/fileadmin/user_upload/Akamai_Technologies.png"},"eventUrl":"","translationId":1603,"dealDetails":null,"roi":null,"price":null,"bonusForReference":null,"templateData":[{"id":19,"title":"WAF - Web Application Firewall"}],"testingArea":"","categories":[{"id":546,"title":"WAF-web application firewall appliance","alias":"waf-web-application-firewall-appliance","description":"A web application firewall is a special type of application firewall that applies specifically to web applications. It is deployed in front of web applications and analyzes bi-directional web-based (HTTP) traffic - detecting and blocking anything malicious. The OWASP provides a broad technical definition for a WAF as “a security solution on the web application level which - from a technical point of view - does not depend on the application itself.” According to the PCI DSS Information Supplement for requirement 6.6, a WAF is defined as “a security policy enforcement point positioned between a web application and the client endpoint. This functionality can be implemented in hardware, running in an appliance device, or in a typical server running a common operating system. It may be a stand-alone device or integrated into other network components.” In other words, a WAF can be a physical appliance that prevents vulnerabilities in web applications from being exploited by outside threats. These vulnerabilities may be because the application itself is a legacy type or it was insufficiently coded by design. The WAF addresses these code shortcomings by special configurations of rule sets, also known as policies.\r\nPreviously unknown vulnerabilities can be discovered through penetration testing or via a vulnerability scanner. A web application vulnerability scanner, also known as a web application security scanner, is defined in the SAMATE NIST 500-269 as “an automated program that examines web applications for potential security vulnerabilities. In addition to searching for web application-specific vulnerabilities, the tools also look for software coding errors.” Resolving vulnerabilities is commonly referred to as remediation. Corrections to the code can be made in the application but typically a more prompt response is necessary. In these situations, the application of a custom policy for a unique web application vulnerability to provide a temporary but immediate fix (known as a virtual patch) may be necessary.\r\nWAFs are not an ultimate security solution, rather they are meant to be used in conjunction with other network perimeter security solutions such as network firewalls and intrusion prevention systems to provide a holistic defense strategy.\r\nWAFs typically follow a positive security model, a negative security model, or a combination of both as mentioned by the SANS Institute. WAFs use a combination of rule-based logic, parsing, and signatures to detect and prevent attacks such as cross-site scripting and SQL injection. The OWASP produces a list of the top ten web application security flaws. All commercial WAF offerings cover these ten flaws at a minimum. There are non-commercial options as well. As mentioned earlier, the well-known open source WAF engine called ModSecurity is one of these options. A WAF engine alone is insufficient to provide adequate protection, therefore OWASP along with Trustwave's Spiderlabs help organize and maintain a Core-Rule Set via GitHub to use with the ModSecurity WAF engine.","materialsDescription":"A Web Application Firewall or WAF provides security for online services from malicious Internet traffic. WAFs detect and filter out threats such as the OWASP Top 10, which could degrade, compromise or bring down online applications.\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: bold;\">What are Web Application Firewalls?</span>\r\nWeb application firewalls assist load balancing by examining HTTP traffic before it reaches the application server. They also protect against web application vulnerability and unauthorized transfer of data from the web server at a time when security breaches are on the rise. According to the Verizon Data Breach Investigations Report, web application attacks were the most prevalent breaches in 2017 and 2018.\r\nThe PCI Security Standards Council defines a web application firewall as “a security policy enforcement point positioned between a web application and the client endpoint. This functionality can be implemented in software or hardware, running in an appliance device, or in a typical server running a common operating system. It may be a stand-alone device or integrated into other network components.”\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: bold;\">How does a Web Application Firewall wWork?</span>\r\nA web application firewall (WAF) intercepts and inspects all HTTP requests using a security model based on a set of customized policies to weed out bogus traffic. WAFs block bad traffic outright or can challenge a visitor with a CAPTCHA test that humans can pass but a malicious bot or computer program cannot.\r\nWAFs follow rules or policies customized to specific vulnerabilities. As a result, this is how WAFs prevent DDoS attacks. Creating the rules on a traditional WAF can be complex and require expert administration. The Open Web Application Security Project maintains a list of the OWASP top web application security flaws for WAF policies to address.\r\nWAFs come in the form of hardware appliances, server-side software, or filter traffic as-a-service. WAFs can be considered as reverse proxies i.e. the opposite of a proxy server. Proxy servers protect devices from malicious applications, while WAFs protect web applications from malicious endpoints.\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: bold;\">What Are Some Web Application Firewall Benefits?</span>\r\nA web application firewall (WAF) prevents attacks that try to take advantage of the vulnerabilities in web-based applications. The vulnerabilities are common in legacy applications or applications with poor coding or designs. WAFs handle the code deficiencies with custom rules or policies.\r\nIntelligent WAFs provide real-time insights into application traffic, performance, security and threat landscape. This visibility gives administrators the flexibility to respond to the most sophisticated attacks on protected applications.\r\nWhen the Open Web Application Security Project identifies the OWASP top vulnerabilities, WAFs allow administrators to create custom security rules to combat the list of potential attack methods. An intelligent WAF analyzes the security rules matching a particular transaction and provides a real-time view as attack patterns evolve. Based on this intelligence, the WAF can reduce false positives.\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: bold;\">What Is the Difference Between a Firewall and a Web Application Firewall?</span>\r\nA traditional firewall protects the flow of information between servers while a web application firewall is able to filter traffic for a specific web application. Network firewalls and web application firewalls are complementary and can work together.\r\nTraditional security methods include network firewalls, intrusion detection systems (IDS) and intrusion prevention systems (IPS). They are effective at blocking bad L3-L4 traffic at the perimeter on the lower end (L3-L4) of the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model. Traditional firewalls cannot detect attacks in web applications because they do not understand Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) which occurs at layer 7 of the OSI model. They also only allow the port that sends and receives requested web pages from an HTTP server to be open or closed. This is why web application firewalls are effective for preventing attacks like SQL injections, session hijacking and Cross-Site Scripting (XSS).\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: bold;\">When Should You Use a Web Application Firewall?</span>\r\nAny business that uses a website to generate revenue should use a web application firewall to protect business data and services. Organizations that use online vendors should especially deploy web application firewalls because the security of outside groups cannot be controlled or trusted.\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: bold;\">How Do You Use a Web Application Firewall?</span>\r\nA web application firewall requires correct positioning, configuration, administration and monitoring. Web application firewall installation must include the following four steps: secure, monitor, test and improve. This should be a continuous process to ensure application specific protection.<br />The configuration of the firewall should be determined by the business rules and guardrails by the company’s security policy. This approach will allow the rules and filters in the web application firewall to define themselves.","iconURL":"https://old.roi4cio.com/fileadmin/user_upload/icon_WAF_web_application_firewall_appliance.png"},{"id":481,"title":"WAF-web application firewall","alias":"waf-web-application-firewall","description":"A <span style=\"font-weight: bold; \">WAF (Web Application Firewall)</span> helps protect web applications by filtering and monitoring HTTP traffic between a web application and the Internet. It typically protects web applications from attacks such as cross-site forgery, cross-site-scripting (XSS), file inclusion, and SQL injection, among others. A WAF is a protocol layer 7 defense (in the OSI model), and is not designed to defend against all types of attacks. This method of attack mitigation is usually part of a suite of tools which together create a holistic defense against a range of attack vectors.\r\nIn recent years, web application security has become increasingly important, especially after web application attacks ranked as the most common reason for breaches, as reported in the Verizon Data Breach Investigations Report. WAFs have become a critical component of web application security, and guard against web application vulnerabilities while providing the ability to customize the security rules for each application. As WAF is inline with traffic, some functions are conveniently implemented by a load balancer.\r\nAccording to the PCI Security Standards Council, WAFs function as “a security policy enforcement point positioned between a web application and the client endpoint. This functionality can be implemented in software or hardware, running in an appliance device, or in a typical server running a common operating system. It may be a stand-alone device or integrated into other network components.”\r\nBy deploying a WAF firewall in front of a web application, a shield is placed between the web application and the Internet. While a proxy server protects a client machine’s identity by using an intermediary, a web firewall is a type of reverse-proxy, protecting the server from exposure by having clients pass through the WAF before reaching the server.\r\nA WAF operates through a set of rules often called <span style=\"font-weight: bold; \">policies.</span> These policies aim to protect against vulnerabilities in the application by filtering out malicious traffic. The value of a WAF management comes in part from the speed and ease with which policy modification can be implemented, allowing for faster response to varying attack vectors; during a DDoS attack, rate limiting can be quickly implemented by modifying WAF policies.\r\nWAF solutions can be deployed in several ways—it all depends on where your applications are deployed, the services needed, how you want to manage it, and the level of architectural flexibility and performance you require. Do you want to manage it yourself, or do you want to outsource that management? Is it a better model to have a cloud WAF service, option or do you want your WAF to sit on-premises?\r\n<p class=\"align-center\"><span style=\"font-weight: bold; \">A WAF products can be implemented one of three different ways:</span></p>\r\n<ul><li><span style=\"font-weight: bold; \">A network-based WAF</span> is generally hardware-based. Since they are installed locally they minimize latency, but network-based WAFs are the most expensive option and also require the storage and maintenance of physical equipment.</li><li><span style=\"font-weight: bold; \">A host-based WAF</span> may be fully integrated into an application’s software. This solution is less expensive than a network-based WAF and offers more customizability. The downside of a host-based WAF is the consumption of local server resources, implementation complexity, and maintenance costs. These components typically require engineering time, and may be costly.</li><li><span style=\"font-weight: bold; \">Cloud-based WAFs</span> offer an affordable option that is very easy to implement; they usually offer a turnkey installation that is as simple as a change in DNS to redirect traffic. Cloud-based WAFs also have a minimal upfront cost, as users pay monthly or annually for security as a service. Cloud-based WAFs can also offer a solution that is consistently updated to protect against the newest threats without any additional work or cost on the user’s end. The drawback of a cloud-based WAF is that users hand over the responsibility to a third-party, therefore some features of the WAF may be a black box to them. </li></ul>\r\n<p class=\"align-left\">&nbsp;</p>\r\n\r\n","materialsDescription":"<p class=\"align-center\"><span style=\"color: rgb(97, 97, 97); \"><span style=\"font-weight: bold; \">What types of attack WAF prevents?</span></span></p>\r\n<p class=\"align-left\"><span style=\"color: rgb(97, 97, 97); \">WAFs can prevent many attacks, including:</span></p>\r\n<ul><li><span style=\"color: rgb(97, 97, 97); \">Cross-site Scripting (XSS) — Attackers inject client-side scripts into web pages viewed by other users.</span></li><li><span style=\"color: rgb(97, 97, 97); \">SQL injection — Malicious code is inserted or injected into an web entry field that allows attackers to compromise the application and underlying systems.</span></li><li><span style=\"color: rgb(97, 97, 97); \">Cookie poisoning — Modification of a cookie to gain unauthorized information about the user for purposes such as identity theft.</span></li><li><span style=\"color: rgb(97, 97, 97); \">Unvalidated input — Attackers tamper with HTTP request (including the url, headers and form fields) to bypass the site’s security mechanisms.</span></li><li><span style=\"color: rgb(97, 97, 97); \">Layer 7 DoS — An HTTP flood attack that utilizes valid requests in typical URL data retrievals.</span></li><li><span style=\"color: rgb(97, 97, 97); \">Web scraping — Data scraping used for extracting data from websites.</span><span style=\"font-weight: bold; \"></span></li></ul>\r\n<p class=\"align-center\"><span style=\"font-weight: bold; \">What are some WAFs Benefits?</span></p>\r\nWeb app firewall prevents attacks that try to take advantage of the vulnerabilities in web-based applications. The vulnerabilities are common in legacy applications or applications with poor coding or designs. WAFs handle the code deficiencies with custom rules or policies.\r\nIntelligent WAFs provide real-time insights into application traffic, performance, security and threat landscape. This visibility gives administrators the flexibility to respond to the most sophisticated attacks on protected applications.\r\nWhen the Open Web Application Security Project identifies the OWASP top vulnerabilities, WAFs allow administrators to create custom security rules to combat the list of potential attack methods. An intelligent WAF analyzes the security rules matching a particular transaction and provides a real-time view as attack patterns evolve. Based on this intelligence, the WAF can reduce false positives.\r\n<p class=\"align-center\"><span style=\"font-weight: bold; \">What is the difference between a firewall and a Web Application Firewall?</span></p>\r\nA traditional firewall protects the flow of information between servers while a web application firewall is able to filter traffic for a specific web application. Network firewalls and web application firewalls are complementary and can work together.\r\nTraditional security methods include network firewalls, intrusion detection systems (IDS) and intrusion prevention systems (IPS). They are effective at blocking bad L3-L4 traffic at the perimeter on the lower end (L3-L4) of the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model. Traditional firewalls cannot detect attacks in web applications because they do not understand Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) which occurs at layer 7 of the OSI model. They also only allow the port that sends and receives requested web pages from an HTTP server to be open or closed. This is why web application firewalls are effective for preventing attacks like SQL injections, session hijacking and Cross-Site Scripting (XSS).","iconURL":"https://old.roi4cio.com/fileadmin/user_upload/icon_WAF_web_application_firewall.png"}],"characteristics":[],"concurentProducts":[],"jobRoles":[],"organizationalFeatures":[],"complementaryCategories":[],"solutions":[],"materials":[],"useCases":[],"best_practices":[],"values":[],"implementations":[]},"all-in-one-pc-lenovo-thinkcentre-m-series":{"id":5259,"logoURL":"https://old.roi4cio.com/fileadmin/user_upload/lenovo_logo.png","logo":true,"scheme":false,"title":"All-in-One PC Lenovo ThinkCentre M Series","vendorVerified":0,"rating":"0.00","implementationsCount":0,"suppliersCount":0,"supplierPartnersCount":26,"alias":"all-in-one-pc-lenovo-thinkcentre-m-series","companyTitle":"Lenovo","companyTypes":["vendor"],"companyId":318,"companyAlias":"lenovo","description":"<span style=\"font-weight: bold; \">Productivity enhancers</span>\r\nTackle spreadsheets, multiple presentations, and photo-editing with ease. With powerful Intel Core processors, the latest DDR4 computer memory, and SSD storage options, each ThinkCentre AIO is a powerful performer. Load and transfer files at lightning speed — essential for time-critical applications that require a large memory capacity or fast storage. Get things done — quickly and easily.\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: bold; \">Adapts to you</span>\r\nVersatile stands give you the freedom to use your display at any angle with tilt, height, and swivel functionality that can adapt to a range of working styles — whether sitting at a desk, or standing to serve customers, you’ll always have the best view.\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: bold;\">ThinkCentre M920z AIO</span>\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: bold;\">ThinkCentre M820z AIO</span>\r\n\r\n","shortDescription":"Lenovo M AIO Series. With their minimal footprint, professional appearance, and enterprise-level productivity, these all-in-ones are a welcome addition to the corporate desk.","type":null,"isRoiCalculatorAvaliable":false,"isConfiguratorAvaliable":false,"bonus":100,"usingCount":17,"sellingCount":4,"discontinued":0,"rebateForPoc":0,"rebate":0,"seo":{"title":"All-in-One PC Lenovo ThinkCentre M Series","keywords":"","description":"<span style=\"font-weight: bold; \">Productivity enhancers</span>\r\nTackle spreadsheets, multiple presentations, and photo-editing with ease. With powerful Intel Core processors, the latest DDR4 computer memory, and SSD storage options, each ThinkCentre AIO is a ","og:title":"All-in-One PC Lenovo ThinkCentre M Series","og:description":"<span style=\"font-weight: bold; \">Productivity enhancers</span>\r\nTackle spreadsheets, multiple presentations, and photo-editing with ease. With powerful Intel Core processors, the latest DDR4 computer memory, and SSD storage options, each ThinkCentre AIO is a ","og:image":"https://old.roi4cio.com/fileadmin/user_upload/lenovo_logo.png"},"eventUrl":"","translationId":5260,"dealDetails":null,"roi":null,"price":null,"bonusForReference":null,"templateData":[],"testingArea":"","categories":[{"id":471,"title":"Hardware","alias":"hardware","description":" Computer hardware includes the physical, tangible parts or components of a computer, such as the cabinet, central processing unit, monitor, keyboard, computer data storage, graphics card, sound card, speakers and motherboard. By contrast, software is instructions that can be stored and run by hardware. Hardware is so-termed because it is &quot;hard&quot; or rigid with respect to changes or modifications; whereas software is &quot;soft&quot; because it is easy to update or change. Intermediate between software and hardware is &quot;firmware&quot;, which is software that is strongly coupled to the particular hardware of a computer system and thus the most difficult to change but also among the most stable with respect to consistency of interface. The progression from levels of &quot;hardness&quot; to &quot;softness&quot; in computer systems parallels a progression of layers of abstraction in computing.\r\nHardware is typically directed by the software to execute any command or instruction. A combination of hardware and software forms a usable computing system, although other systems exist with only hardware components.\r\nThe template for all modern computers is the Von Neumann architecture, detailed in a 1945 paper by Hungarian mathematician John von Neumann. This describes a design architecture for an electronic digital computer with subdivisions of a processing unit consisting of an arithmetic logic unit and processor registers, a control unit containing an instruction register and program counter, a memory to store both data and instructions, external mass storage, and input and output mechanisms. The meaning of the term has evolved to mean a stored-program computer in which an instruction fetch and a data operation cannot occur at the same time because they share a common bus. This is referred to as the Von Neumann bottleneck and often limits the performance of the system.","materialsDescription":" <span style=\"font-weight: bold; \">What does Hardware (H/W) mean?</span>\r\nHardware (H/W), in the context of technology, refers to the physical elements that make up a computer or electronic system and everything else involved that is physically tangible. This includes the monitor, hard drive, memory and CPU. Hardware works hand-in-hand with firmware and software to make a computer function.\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: bold; \">What are the types of computer systems?</span>\r\n<span style=\"font-style: italic; \"><span style=\"font-weight: bold; \">Personal computer</span></span>\r\nThe personal computer, also known as the PC, is one of the most common types of computer due to its versatility and relatively low price. Laptops are generally very similar, although they may use lower-power or reduced size components, thus lower performance.\r\n<span style=\"font-style: italic; \"><span style=\"font-weight: bold; \">Case</span></span>\r\nThe computer case encloses and holds most of the components of the system. It provides mechanical support and protection for internal elements such as the motherboard, disk drives, and power supplies, and controls and directs the flow of cooling air over internal components. The case is also part of the system to control electromagnetic interference radiated by the computer, and protects internal parts from electrostatic discharge. Large tower cases provide extra internal space for multiple disk drives or other peripherals and usually stand on the floor, while desktop cases provide less expansion room. All-in-one style designs include a video display built into the same case. Portable and laptop computers require cases that provide impact protection for the unit. A current development in laptop computers is a detachable keyboard, which allows the system to be configured as a touch-screen tablet. Hobbyists may decorate the cases with colored lights, paint, or other features, in an activity called case modding.\r\n<span style=\"font-style: italic; \"><span style=\"font-weight: bold; \">Power supply</span></span>\r\nA power supply unit (PSU) converts alternating current (AC) electric power to low-voltage direct current (DC) power for the internal components of the computer. Laptops are capable of running from a built-in battery, normally for a period of hours. The PSU typically uses a switched-mode power supply (SMPS), with power MOSFETs (power metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistors) used in the converters and regulator circuits of the SMPS.\r\n<span style=\"font-style: italic; \"><span style=\"font-weight: bold; \">Motherboard</span></span>\r\nThe motherboard is the main component of a computer. It is a board with integrated circuitry that connects the other parts of the computer including the CPU, the RAM, the disk drives (CD, DVD, hard disk, or any others) as well as any peripherals connected via the ports or the expansion slots. The integrated circuit (IC) chips in a computer typically contain billions of tiny metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistors (MOSFETs).\r\nComponents directly attached to or to part of the motherboard include:\r\n<ul><li><span style=\"font-weight: bold; \">The CPU (central processing unit)</span>, which performs most of the calculations which enable a computer to function, and is referred to as the brain of the computer which get a hold of program instruction from random-access memory (RAM), interprets and processes it and then send it backs to computer result so that the relevant components can carry out the instructions. The CPU is a microprocessor, which is fabricated on a metal–oxide–semiconductor (MOS) integrated circuit (IC) chip. It is usually cooled by a heat sink and fan, or water-cooling system. Most newer CPU include an on-die graphics processing unit (GPU). The clock speed of CPU governs how fast it executes instructions, and is measured in GHz; typical values lie between 1 GHz and 5 GHz. Many modern computers have the option to overclock the CPU which enhances performance at the expense of greater thermal output and thus a need for improved cooling.</li><li><span style=\"font-weight: bold; \">The chipset</span>, which includes the north bridge, mediates communication between the CPU and the other components of the system, including main memory; as well as south bridge, which is connected to the north bridge, and supports auxiliary interfaces and buses; and, finally, a Super I/O chip, connected through the south bridge, which supports the slowest and most legacy components like serial ports, hardware monitoring and fan control.</li><li><span style=\"font-weight: bold; \">Random-access memory (RAM)</span>, which stores the code and data that are being actively accessed by the CPU. For example, when a web browser is opened on the computer it takes up memory; this is stored in the RAM until the web browser is closed. It is typically a type of dynamic RAM (DRAM), such as synchronous DRAM (SDRAM), where MOS memory chips store data on memory cells consisting of MOSFETs and MOS capacitors. RAM usually comes on dual in-line memory modules (DIMMs) in the sizes of 2GB, 4GB, and 8GB, but can be much larger.</li><li><span style=\"font-weight: bold; \">Read-only memory (ROM)</span>, which stores the BIOS that runs when the computer is powered on or otherwise begins execution, a process known as Bootstrapping, or &quot;booting&quot; or &quot;booting up&quot;. The ROM is typically a nonvolatile BIOS memory chip, which stores data on floating-gate MOSFET memory cells.</li><li><span style=\"font-weight: bold; \">The BIOS (Basic Input Output System)</span> includes boot firmware and power management firmware. Newer motherboards use Unified Extensible Firmware Interface (UEFI) instead of BIOS.</li><li><span style=\"font-weight: bold; \">Buses</span> that connect the CPU to various internal components and to expand cards for graphics and sound.</li><li><span style=\"font-weight: bold; \">The CMOS</span> (complementary MOS) battery, which powers the CMOS memory for date and time in the BIOS chip. This battery is generally a watch battery.</li><li><span style=\"font-weight: bold; \">The video card</span> (also known as the graphics card), which processes computer graphics. More powerful graphics cards are better suited to handle strenuous tasks, such as playing intensive video games or running computer graphics software. A video card contains a graphics processing unit (GPU) and video memory (typically a type of SDRAM), both fabricated on MOS integrated circuit (MOS IC) chips.</li><li><span style=\"font-weight: bold; \">Power MOSFETs</span> make up the voltage regulator module (VRM), which controls how much voltage other hardware components receive.</li></ul>\r\n<span style=\"font-style: italic; \"><span style=\"font-weight: bold; \">Expansion cards</span></span>\r\nAn expansion card in computing is a printed circuit board that can be inserted into an expansion slot of a computer motherboard or backplane to add functionality to a computer system via the expansion bus. Expansion cards can be used to obtain or expand on features not offered by the motherboard.\r\n<span style=\"font-style: italic; \"><span style=\"font-weight: bold; \">Storage devices</span></span>\r\nA storage device is any computing hardware and digital media that is used for storing, porting and extracting data files and objects. It can hold and store information both temporarily and permanently, and can be internal or external to a computer, server or any similar computing device. Data storage is a core function and fundamental component of computers.\r\n<span style=\"font-style: italic; \"><span style=\"font-weight: bold; \">Fixed media</span></span>\r\nData is stored by a computer using a variety of media. Hard disk drives (HDDs) are found in virtually all older computers, due to their high capacity and low cost, but solid-state drives (SSDs) are faster and more power efficient, although currently more expensive than hard drives in terms of dollar per gigabyte, so are often found in personal computers built post-2007. SSDs use flash memory, which stores data on MOS memory chips consisting of floating-gate MOSFET memory cells. Some systems may use a disk array controller for greater performance or reliability.\r\n<span style=\"font-style: italic; \"><span style=\"font-weight: bold; \">Removable media</span></span>\r\nTo transfer data between computers, an external flash memory device (such as a memory card or USB flash drive) or optical disc (such as a CD-ROM, DVD-ROM or BD-ROM) may be used. Their usefulness depends on being readable by other systems; the majority of machines have an optical disk drive (ODD), and virtually all have at least one Universal Serial Bus (USB) port.\r\n<span style=\"font-style: italic; \"><span style=\"font-weight: bold; \">Input and output peripherals</span></span>\r\nInput and output devices are typically housed externally to the main computer chassis. The following are either standard or very common to many computer systems.\r\n<span style=\"font-style: italic; \"><span style=\"font-weight: bold; \">Input</span></span>\r\nInput devices allow the user to enter information into the system, or control its operation. Most personal computers have a mouse and keyboard, but laptop systems typically use a touchpad instead of a mouse. Other input devices include webcams, microphones, joysticks, and image scanners.\r\n<span style=\"font-style: italic; \"><span style=\"font-weight: bold; \">Output device</span></span>\r\nOutput devices display information in a human readable form. Such devices could include printers, speakers, monitors or a Braille embosser.\r\n<span style=\"font-style: italic; \"><span style=\"font-weight: bold; \">Mainframe computer</span></span>\r\nA mainframe computer is a much larger computer that typically fills a room and may cost many hundreds or thousands of times as much as a personal computer. They are designed to perform large numbers of calculations for governments and large enterprises.\r\n<span style=\"font-style: italic; \"><span style=\"font-weight: bold; \">Departmental computing</span></span>\r\nIn the 1960s and 1970s, more and more departments started to use cheaper and dedicated systems for specific purposes like process control and laboratory automation.\r\n<span style=\"font-style: italic;\"><span style=\"font-weight: bold;\">Supercomputer</span></span>\r\nA supercomputer is superficially similar to a mainframe, but is instead intended for extremely demanding computational tasks. As of June 2018, the fastest supercomputer on the TOP500supercomputer list is the Summit, in the United States, with a LINPACK benchmarkscore of 122.3 PFLOPS Light, by around 29 PFLOPS.\r\nThe term supercomputer does not refer to a specific technology. Rather it indicates the fastest computations available at any given time. In mid 2011, the fastest supercomputers boasted speeds exceeding one petaflop, or 1 quadrillion (10^15 or 1,000 trillion) floating point operations per second. Supercomputers are fast but extremely costly, so they are generally used by large organizations to execute computationally demanding tasks involving large data sets. Supercomputers typically run military and scientific applications. Although costly, they are also being used for commercial applications where huge amounts of data must be analyzed. For example, large banks employ supercomputers to calculate the risks and returns of various investment strategies, and healthcare organizations use them to analyze giant databases of patient data to determine optimal treatments for various diseases and problems incurring to the country. ","iconURL":"https://old.roi4cio.com/fileadmin/user_upload/icon_Hardware.jpg"},{"id":37,"title":"PC - personal computer","alias":"pc-personal-computer","description":"A personal computer (PC) is a multi-purpose computer whose size, capabilities, and price make it feasible for individual use. Personal computers are intended to be operated directly by an end user, rather than by a computer expert or technician. Unlike large costly minicomputer and mainframes, time-sharing by many people at the same time is not used with personal computers.\r\nInstitutional or corporate computer owners in the 1960s had to write their own programs to do any useful work with the machines. While personal computer users may develop their own applications, usually these systems run commercial software, free-of-charge software (&quot;freeware&quot;), which is most often proprietary, or free and open-source software, which is provided in &quot;ready-to-run&quot;, or binary, form. Software for personal computers is typically developed and distributed independently from the hardware or operating system manufacturers. Many personal computer users no longer need to write their own programs to make any use of a personal computer, although end-user programming is still feasible. This contrasts with mobile systems, where software is often only available through a manufacturer-supported channel, and end-user program development may be discouraged by lack of support by the manufacturer.\r\nSince the early 1990s, Microsoft operating systems and Intel hardware have dominated much of the personal computer market, first with MS-DOS and then with Microsoft Windows. Alternatives to Microsoft's Windows operating systems occupy a minority share of the industry. These include Apple's macOS and free and open-source Unix-like operating systems.\r\nThe advent of personal computers and the concurrent Digital Revolution have significantly affected the lives of people in all countries.\r\n&quot;PC&quot; is an initialism for &quot;personal computer&quot;. The IBM Personal Computer incorporated the designation in its model name. It is sometimes useful to distinguish personal computers of the &quot;IBM Personal Computer&quot; family from personal computers made by other manufacturers. For example, &quot;PC&quot; is used in contrast with &quot;Mac&quot;, an Apple Macintosh computer. Since none of these Apple products were mainframes or time-sharing systems, they were all &quot;personal computers&quot; and not &quot;PC&quot; (brand) computers.","materialsDescription":" <span style=\"font-weight: bold;\">What types of stationary personal computers exist?</span>\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: bold;\">Desktops</span> - refer to the type of stationary PC. From the name it is clear that these are devices that are installed and work on a table and are not transferred during operation. As a rule, representatives of this group are high-performance powerful devices. They consist of a system unit (a rectangular box), to which a monitor, keyboard and mouse are connected.\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: bold;\">Servers</span> - this type of computer has its own specific tasks that it performs remotely or locally in place. The vast majority of servers are quite powerful machines. The appearance of the servers is slightly different from the usual PC - they are mounted in metal racks that look like furniture shelves. The racks themselves are placed in a special room (server room), the necessary temperature regime is necessarily maintained in it.\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: bold;\">Nettops</span> - refer to the type of stationary PC. The system unit is compact in size, usually with low power consumption and noise. Due to the small size, nettops have lower performance, but they fit perfectly into the home environment and do not occupy expensive office space.\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: bold;\">Microcomputers</span> are computers that fit in a miniature enclosure that looks very similar to a flash drive. The microcomputer itself does not have an output device, therefore, through an HDMI connection, it connects to a monitor or TV. Controls, such as a mouse or keyboard, are connected via the built-in USB ports or Bluetooth. Technical specifications depend on the configuration, as with any other PC.\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: bold;\">Monoblocks</span> - refer to the type of stationary PC. The system unit and the monitor are a single unit. Accessories and boards are placed in the compartment, which is mounted on the back of the monitor. It has an aesthetic appearance and does not take up much space.\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: bold;\">What are the types of portable personal computers?</span>\r\nA laptop computer can also be called portable. They differ from desktop dimensions and weight in a smaller direction and more capacious batteries, which is understandable because you need to carry it with you.\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: bold;\">Laptops and netbooks</span> - refer to the type of portable (laptop) PCs, have a battery for offline operation without using a network. The case is made in the form of a clamshell, a screen is installed at the top, and a keyboard at the bottom. Netbooks are smaller than laptops, respectively, have lower performance, although the battery life is longer.\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: bold;\">Tablet laptops</span> - refer to the type of portable (laptop) PC. The case consists of a touch screen display - Touchscreen. Their main purpose is surfing the Internet, watching videos, listening to audio, gaming and other applications. The compact dimensions make this group especially popular for travelers. Tablet laptops have a keyboard that either folds up or extends out of a niche under the screen. In tablets, the touchscreen is the input medium. For this group, battery life is important.\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: bold;\">Pocket PCs and smartphones</span> - belong to the type of portable (laptop) PC. Distinctive features are a small size and a large reserve of battery life. The input tool is either a touch screen or a retractable keyboard.","iconURL":"https://old.roi4cio.com/fileadmin/user_upload/icon_PC.png"}],"characteristics":[],"concurentProducts":[],"jobRoles":[],"organizationalFeatures":[],"complementaryCategories":[],"solutions":[],"materials":[],"useCases":[],"best_practices":[],"values":[],"implementations":[]},"amazon-elastic-load-balancing-elb":{"id":1246,"logoURL":"https://old.roi4cio.com/fileadmin/user_upload/Amazon_WorkSpaces.png","logo":true,"scheme":false,"title":"Amazon Elastic Load Balancing (ELB)","vendorVerified":0,"rating":"2.00","implementationsCount":2,"suppliersCount":0,"supplierPartnersCount":4,"alias":"amazon-elastic-load-balancing-elb","companyTitle":"Amazon Web Services","companyTypes":["supplier","vendor"],"companyId":176,"companyAlias":"amazon-web-services","description":"Elastic Load Balancing automatically distributes incoming application traffic across multiple targets, such as Amazon EC2 instances, containers, and IP addresses. It can handle the varying load of your application traffic in a single Availability Zone or across multiple Availability Zones. Elastic Load Balancing offers three types of load balancers that all feature the high availability, automatic scaling, and robust security necessary to make your applications fault tolerant. \r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: bold; \">Elastic Load Balancing Products</span>\r\n<span style=\"font-style: italic;\"><span style=\"font-weight: bold; \">Application Load Balancer</span></span>\r\nApplication Load Balancer is best suited for load balancing of HTTP and HTTPS traffic and provides advanced request routing targeted at the delivery of modern application architectures, including microservices and containers. Operating at the individual request level (Layer 7), Application Load Balancer routes traffic to targets within Amazon Virtual Private Cloud (Amazon VPC) based on the content of the request.\r\n<span style=\"font-style: italic;\"><span style=\"font-weight: bold; \">Network Load Balancer</span></span>\r\nNetwork Load Balancer is best suited for load balancing of TCP traffic where extreme performance is required. Operating at the connection level (Layer 4), Network Load Balancer routes traffic to targets within Amazon Virtual Private Cloud (Amazon VPC) and is capable of handling millions of requests per second while maintaining ultra-low latencies. Network Load Balancer is also optimized to handle sudden and volatile traffic patterns.\r\n<span style=\"font-style: italic;\"><span style=\"font-weight: bold; \">Classic Load Balancer</span></span>\r\nClassic Load Balancer provides basic load balancing across multiple Amazon EC2 instances and operates at both the request level and connection level. Classic Load Balancer is intended for applications that were built within the EC2-Classic network.\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: bold;\">BENEFITS</span>\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: bold; \">Highly Available</span>\r\nElastic Load Balancing automatically distributes incoming traffic across multiple targets – Amazon EC2 instances, containers, and IP addresses – in multiple Availability Zones and ensures only healthy targets receive traffic. Elastic Load Balancing can also load balance across a Region, routing traffic to healthy targets in different Availability Zones.\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: bold; \">Secure</span>\r\nElastic Load Balancing works with Amazon Virtual Private Cloud (VPC) to provide robust security features, including integrated certificate management and SSL decryption. Together, they give you the flexibility to centrally manage SSL settings and offload CPU intensive workloads from your applications.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: bold; \">Elastic</span>\r\nElastic Load Balancing is capable of handling rapid changes in network traffic patterns. Additionally, deep integration with Auto Scaling ensures sufficient application capacity to meet varying levels of application load without requiring manual intervention.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: bold; \">Flexible</span>\r\nElastic Load Balancing also allows you to use IP addresses to route requests to application targets. This offers you flexibility in how you virtualize your application targets, allowing you to host more applications on the same instance. This also enables these applications to have individual security groups and use the same network port to further simplify inter-application communication in microservices based architecture.\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: bold; \">Robust Monitoring and Auditing</span>\r\nElastic Load Balancing allows you to monitor your applications and their performance in real time with Amazon CloudWatch metrics, logging, and request tracing. This improves visibility into the behavior of your applications, uncovering issues and identifying performance bottlenecks in your application stack at the granularity of an individual request.\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: bold; \">Hybrid Load Balancing</span>\r\nElastic Load Balancing offers ability to load balance across AWS and on-premises resources using the same load balancer. This makes it easy for you to migrate, burst, or failover on-premises applications to the cloud.","shortDescription":"Amazon Elastic Load Balancing - Achieve fault tolerance for any application by ensuring scalability, performance, and security.","type":null,"isRoiCalculatorAvaliable":false,"isConfiguratorAvaliable":false,"bonus":100,"usingCount":0,"sellingCount":0,"discontinued":0,"rebateForPoc":0,"rebate":0,"seo":{"title":"Amazon Elastic Load Balancing (ELB)","keywords":"Load, Balancing, Elastic, traffic, Amazon, Balancer, load, applications","description":"Elastic Load Balancing automatically distributes incoming application traffic across multiple targets, such as Amazon EC2 instances, containers, and IP addresses. It can handle the varying load of your application traffic in a single Availability Zone or acros","og:title":"Amazon Elastic Load Balancing (ELB)","og:description":"Elastic Load Balancing automatically distributes incoming application traffic across multiple targets, such as Amazon EC2 instances, containers, and IP addresses. It can handle the varying load of your application traffic in a single Availability Zone or acros","og:image":"https://old.roi4cio.com/fileadmin/user_upload/Amazon_WorkSpaces.png"},"eventUrl":"","translationId":1246,"dealDetails":null,"roi":null,"price":null,"bonusForReference":null,"templateData":[],"testingArea":"","categories":[{"id":443,"title":"Application Delivery Controller (load balancer) - appliance","alias":"application-delivery-controller-load-balancer-appliance","description":" Application Delivery Controllers are the next generation of load balancers, and are typically located between the firewall/router and the web server farm. An application delivery controller is a network device that helps sites direct user traffic to remove excess load from two or more servers. In addition to providing Layer 4 load balancing, ADCs can manage Layer 7 for content switching, and also provide SSL offload and acceleration. They tend to offer more advanced features such as content redirection as well as server health monitoring. An Application delivery controller may also be known as a Web switch, URL switch, Web content switch, content switch and Layer 7 switch.\r\nToday, advanced application delivery controllers and intelligent load balancers are not only affordable, but the consolidation of Layer 4-7 load balancing and content switching, and server offload capabilities such as SSL, data caching and compression provides companies with cost-effective out-of-the-box infrastructure.\r\nFor enterprise organizations (companies with 1,000 or more employees), integrating best-of-breed network infrastructure is commonplace. However best-of-breed does not equate with deploying networks with enterprise-specific features and expensive products, but rather, deploying products that are purpose-built, with the explicit features, performance, reliability and scalability created specifically for the companies of all sizes.\r\nIn general, businesses of all sizes are inclined to purchase “big brand” products. However, smaller vendors that offer products within the same category can provide the optimal performance, features and reliability required, with the same benefits - at a lower cost.\r\nFor the enterprise market, best-of-breed comes with a high Total Cost of Ownership (TCO), since deploying products from various manufacturers requires additional training, maintenance and support. Kemp can help SMBs lower their TCO, and help them build reliable, high performance and scalable web and application infrastructure. Kemp products have a high price/performance value for SMBs. Our products are purpose-built for SMB businesses for dramatically less than the price of “big name” ADC and SLB vendors who are developing features that enterprise customers might use.","materialsDescription":" <span style=\"font-weight: bold;\">What are application delivery controllers?</span>\r\nApplication Delivery Controllers (ADCs) are the next stage in the development of server load balancing solutions. ADCs allow you to perform not only the tasks of balancing user requests between servers, but also incorporate mechanisms that increase the performance, security and resiliency of applications, as well as ensure their scalability.\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: bold;\">And what other possibilities do application controllers have?</span>\r\nIn addition to the function of uniform distribution of user requests, application delivery controllers have many other interesting features. They can provide around-the-clock availability of services, improve web application performance up to five times, reduce risks when launching new services, protect confidential data, and publish internal applications to the outside with secure external access (a potential replacement for outgoing Microsoft TMG).\r\nOne of the most important functions of application delivery controllers, which distinguish them from simple load balancers, is the presence of a functional capable of processing information issued to the user based on certain rules.\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: bold;\">What are the prerequisites for implementing application delivery controllers in a particular organization?</span>\r\nA number of factors can determine the criteria for deciding whether to implement application controllers in your organization. First, this is the poor performance of web services, which is a long download of content, frequent hangs and crashes. Secondly, such a prerequisite can be interruptions in the work of services and communication channels, expressed in failures in the transmitting and receiving equipment that ensures the operation of the data transmission network, as well as failures in the operation of servers.\r\nIn addition, it is worth thinking about implementing application delivery controllers if you use Microsoft TMG or Cisco ACE products, since they are no longer supported by the manufacturer. A prerequisite for the implementation of ADC may be the launch of new large web projects, since this process will inevitably entail the need to ensure the operability of this web project with the maintenance of high fault tolerance and performance.\r\nAlso, controllers are needed when you need to provide fault tolerance, continuous availability and high speed of applications that are consolidated in the data center. A similar situation arises when it is necessary to build a backup data center: here you also need to ensure fault tolerance between several data centers located in different cities.\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: bold;\">What are the prospects for the introduction of application controllers in Russia and in the world?</span>\r\nGartner's research shows that there have recently been marked changes in the market for products that offer load balancing mechanisms. In this segment, user demand shifts from servers implementing a simple load balancing mechanism to devices offering richer functionality.\r\nGartner: “The era of load balancing has long gone, and companies need to focus on products that offer richer application delivery functionality.”\r\nIn Russia, due to the specifics of the internal IT market, application controllers are implemented mainly because of the presence of some specific functionality, and not because of the comprehensive solution for delivering applications in general, which this product offers. The main task for which application delivery controllers are now most often sold is the same load balancing function as before.","iconURL":"https://old.roi4cio.com/fileadmin/user_upload/icon_Application_Delivery_Controller_load_balancer_appliance.png"},{"id":321,"title":"Workload Scheduling and Automation Software","alias":"workload-scheduling-and-automation-software","description":"","materialsDescription":"","iconURL":"https://old.roi4cio.com/fileadmin/user_upload/icon_Workload_Scheduling_and_Automation_Software.png"}],"characteristics":[],"concurentProducts":[],"jobRoles":[],"organizationalFeatures":[],"complementaryCategories":[],"solutions":[],"materials":[],"useCases":[],"best_practices":[],"values":[],"implementations":[]},"amazon-lightsail":{"id":1240,"logoURL":"https://old.roi4cio.com/fileadmin/user_upload/Amazon_Lightsail.png","logo":true,"scheme":false,"title":"Amazon Lightsail","vendorVerified":0,"rating":"2.00","implementationsCount":0,"suppliersCount":0,"supplierPartnersCount":4,"alias":"amazon-lightsail","companyTitle":"Amazon Web Services","companyTypes":["supplier","vendor"],"companyId":176,"companyAlias":"amazon-web-services","description":"Amazon Lightsail is an Amazon cloud service that offers bundles of cloud computing power and memory for new or less experienced cloud users.\r\nAmazon Lightsail is the easiest way to get started with AWS for developers who just need virtual private servers. Lightsail includes everything you need to launch your project quickly - a virtual machine, a managed database, SSD-based storage, data transfer, DNS management, and a static IP - for a low, predictable price. You manage those Lightsail servers through the Lightsail console or by using the API or command-line interface (CLI).\r\nThe Lightsail API Reference describes the API actions, data types, and exceptions for working with Lightsail programmatically. We also provide the Lightsail SDK for download for Java, Python, Ruby, PHP, .NET (C#), Go, JavaScript (Node.js and browser), and C++. You can use the See Also links to navigate directly to a reference topic in one of those languages.\r\n\r\n<span style=\"text-decoration: underline; \"><span style=\"font-weight: bold; \">Lightsail features:</span></span>\r\nEverything you need, right at your fingertips\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: bold; \">Lightsail Virtual Private Server (VPS)</span>\r\nExperience the power and reliability of AWS. Deploy in seconds and manage from the intuitive Lightsail management console or API.\r\nYour Lightsail instance is a virtual private server (also called a virtual machine). When you create your instance, you choose an image that has an operating system (OS) on it. You can also choose an instance image that has an application or development stack on it, including the base OS.\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: bold; \">Powerful API</span>\r\nUse the simple and flexible Lightsail API to extend your application or integrate it with external applications.\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: bold; \">High availability storage</span>\r\nEvery Lightsail server comes with high-performing, persistent SSD-based block storage.\r\nBenefits of Lightsail block storage are highly availability, easy management, low-latency performance, scalable, secure.\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: bold; \">Speedy &amp; secure networking</span>\r\nLightsail servers run at warp speed on the AWS network. Configure your network simply and securely, including your IP addresses, DNS, firewall, and more.\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: bold; \">Snapshots</span>\r\nProtect your data, clone your server, and more with Lightsail snapshots. Take and manage snapshots for $0.05 USD/GB per month.\r\nA snapshot is a way to create a backup image of your Lightsail instance (a virtual private server) for reference, if you might need it later. For example, before you delete an instance, you create a snapshot of it so that if you change your mind, you have a backup to help you redo that instance as it was.\r\nThe snapshot we create is a copy of the system disk and also stores the original machine configuration (memory, CPU, disk size, and data transfer rate). If you choose to create a new instance from this snapshot, you can create the same size or larger instance. You cannot create a smaller instance.\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: bold; \">Important!</span> When you create a new instance from a snapshot, Lightsail lets you create an instance bundle that is either the same size or larger size. We do not currently support creating a smaller instance size from a snapshot. The smaller options will be grayed out when you create a new instance from a snapshot.\r\nTo create a larger instance size from a snapshot, you can use the Lightsail console, the create-instances-from-snapshot CLI command. or the CreateInstancesFromSnapshot API operation.\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: bold; \">Access to AWS Services</span>\r\nExtend the capabilities of your Lightsail server by connecting it to popular AWS services, including managed databases, CDN, and many others.\r\nAmazon Lightsail uses a focused set of AWS services like Amazon EC2 and AWS Identity and Access Management to make it easier to get started. But that doesn't mean you're limited to those services! You can integrate Lightsail resources with other AWS services through Amazon VPC peering.\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: bold; \">Simplified load balancing</span>\r\nAdd load balancing to your application to distribute traffic across multiple instances and keep your app up and running.\r\nBenefits of Lightsail load balancer are scalable, highly availability, automated health checks, simple interface, secure.\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: bold; \">Managed databases</span>\r\nLaunch a fully configured MySQL database in minutes and leave the maintenance to AWS. Use managed databases to scale your application or to run standalone databases.\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: bold; \">Upgrade to EC2</span>\r\nAs your cloud ideas expand, you can easily move to EC2. With a simple, guided experience, Lightsail can move your instance to EC2.\r\n<span style=\"font-style: italic; \">How do I know if I should move to EC2?</span>\r\nChances are, you got started on Lightsail because it was easy to get your web app, website, or software into the cloud. While you might continue to find this a natural fit for your growth, you also might find that you need a different set of resources or features.\r\nFor example, you might want to consider exporting if you need:\r\n<ul><li>an instance type that is optimized for specific workloads, including machine learning, high-performance computing, and graphic-intensive applications.</li><li>complete control over your networking settings like VPC, security groups and internet gateways.</li><li>dynamic scaling for your resources, like auto scaling for your instances behind a load balancer, or elastic file storage.</li><li>a specialized instance type, operating system, software package or a consumption option that Lightsail doesn’t offer.</li></ul>\r\nOnce you begin using EC2, you’ll incur its cost structure.\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: bold; \">Unlimited growth, unlimited potential</span>\r\nMany of the AWS platform's 90+ services can be connected to your Lightsail application using VPC peering. You can manage these powerful AWS services from the AWS management console, while still keeping your day-to-day VPS management in the Lightsail console. It's the best of both worlds!\r\nGrow and scale your Lightsail-hosted applications over time by connecting AWS services, including:\r\n<ul><li>Managed databases (RDS, DynamoDB)</li><li>Content delivery network (CloudFront)</li><li>Object storage (S3)</li><li>Dozens of other services</li></ul>\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: bold; \">Operating system &amp; application templates</span>\r\nPreconfigured images allow you to launch your favorite Linux distribution, Windows Server, or popular web applications with a single click, including WordPress, Magento, LAMP, and more.\r\n<span style=\"font-style: italic; \">Operating systems:</span>\r\n<ul><li>Amazon Linux</li><li>Ubuntu</li><li>Debian</li><li>FreeBSD</li><li>OpenSUSE</li><li>Windows Server</li></ul>\r\n<span style=\"font-style: italic; \">Applications:</span>\r\n<ul><li>WordPress</li><li>Magento</li><li>Drupal</li><li>Joomla!</li><li>Redmine</li><li>Plesk</li></ul>\r\n<span style=\"font-style: italic; \">Stacks:</span>\r\n<ul><li>Node.js</li><li>GitLab</li><li>LAMP</li><li>MEAN</li><li>Nginx</li></ul>","shortDescription":"Amazon Lightsail is a simple cloud website hosting framework based on the Amazon Web Services (AWS) platform.","type":null,"isRoiCalculatorAvaliable":false,"isConfiguratorAvaliable":false,"bonus":100,"usingCount":0,"sellingCount":0,"discontinued":0,"rebateForPoc":0,"rebate":0,"seo":{"title":"Amazon Lightsail","keywords":"your, Lightsail, server, with, storage, application, load, network","description":"Amazon Lightsail is an Amazon cloud service that offers bundles of cloud computing power and memory for new or less experienced cloud users.\r\nAmazon Lightsail is the easiest way to get started with AWS for developers who just need virtual private servers. Ligh","og:title":"Amazon Lightsail","og:description":"Amazon Lightsail is an Amazon cloud service that offers bundles of cloud computing power and memory for new or less experienced cloud users.\r\nAmazon Lightsail is the easiest way to get started with AWS for developers who just need virtual private servers. Ligh","og:image":"https://old.roi4cio.com/fileadmin/user_upload/Amazon_Lightsail.png"},"eventUrl":"","translationId":1240,"dealDetails":null,"roi":null,"price":null,"bonusForReference":null,"templateData":[],"testingArea":"","categories":[{"id":35,"title":"Server","alias":"server","description":"In computing, a server is a computer program or a device that provides functionality for other programs or devices, called &quot;clients&quot;. This architecture is called the client–server model, and a single overall computation is distributed across multiple processes or devices. Servers can provide various functionalities, often called &quot;services&quot;, such as sharing data or resources among multiple clients, or performing computation for a client. A single server can serve multiple clients, and a single client can use multiple servers. A client process may run on the same device or may connect over a network to a server on a different device. Typical servers are database servers, file servers, mail servers, print servers, web servers, game servers, and application servers.\r\nClient–server systems are today most frequently implemented by (and often identified with) the request–response model: a client sends a request to the server, which performs some action and sends a response back to the client, typically with a result or acknowledgement. Designating a computer as &quot;server-class hardware&quot; implies that it is specialized for running servers on it. This often implies that it is more powerful and reliable than standard personal computers, but alternatively, large computing clusters may be composed of many relatively simple, replaceable server components.\r\nStrictly speaking, the term server refers to a computer program or process (running program). Through metonymy, it refers to a device used for (or a device dedicated to) running one or several server programs. On a network, such a device is called a host. In addition to server, the words serve and service (as noun and as verb) are frequently used, though servicer and servant are not. The word service (noun) may refer to either the abstract form of functionality, e.g. Web service. Alternatively, it may refer to a computer program that turns a computer into a server, e.g. Windows service. Originally used as &quot;servers serve users&quot; (and &quot;users use servers&quot;), in the sense of &quot;obey&quot;, today one often says that &quot;servers serve data&quot;, in the same sense as &quot;give&quot;. For instance, web servers &quot;serve web pages to users&quot; or &quot;service their requests&quot;.\r\nThe server is part of the client–server model; in this model, a server serves data for clients. The nature of communication between a client and server is request and response. This is in contrast with peer-to-peer model in which the relationship is on-demand reciprocation. In principle, any computerized process that can be used or called by another process (particularly remotely, particularly to share a resource) is a server, and the calling process or processes is a client. Thus any general purpose computer connected to a network can host servers. For example, if files on a device are shared by some process, that process is a file server. Similarly, web server software can run on any capable computer, and so a laptop or a personal computer can host a web server.\r\nWhile request–response is the most common client–server design, there are others, such as the publish–subscribe pattern. In the publish–subscribe pattern, clients register with a pub–sub server, subscribing to specified types of messages; this initial registration may be done by request–response. Thereafter, the pub–sub server forwards matching messages to the clients without any further requests: the server pushes messages to the client, rather than the client pulling messages from the server as in request–response.","materialsDescription":" <span style=\"font-weight: bold;\">What is a server?</span>\r\nA server is a software or hardware device that accepts and responds to requests made over a network. The device that makes the request, and receives a response from the server, is called a client. On the Internet, the term &quot;server&quot; commonly refers to the computer system which receives a request for a web document and sends the requested information to the client.\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: bold;\">What are they used for?</span>\r\nServers are used to manage network resources. For example, a user may set up a server to control access to a network, send/receive an e-mail, manage print jobs, or host a website. They are also proficient at performing intense calculations. Some servers are committed to a specific task, often referred to as dedicated. However, many servers today are shared servers which can take on the responsibility of e-mail, DNS, FTP, and even multiple websites in the case of a web server.\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: bold;\">Why are servers always on?</span>\r\nBecause they are commonly used to deliver services that are constantly required, most servers are never turned off. Consequently, when servers fail, they can cause the network users and company many problems. To alleviate these issues, servers are commonly set up to be fault-tolerant.\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: bold;\">What are the examples of servers?</span>\r\nThe following list contains links to various server types:\r\n<ul><li>Application server;</li><li>Blade server;</li><li>Cloud server;</li><li>Database server;</li><li>Dedicated server;</li><li>Domain name service;</li><li>File server;</li><li>Mail server;</li><li>Print server;</li><li>Proxy server;</li><li>Standalone server;</li><li>Web server.</li></ul>\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: bold;\">How do other computers connect to a server?</span>\r\nWith a local network, the server connects to a router or switch that all other computers on the network use. Once connected to the network, other computers can access that server and its features. For example, with a web server, a user could connect to the server to view a website, search, and communicate with other users on the network.\r\nAn Internet server works the same way as a local network server, but on a much larger scale. The server is assigned an IP address by InterNIC, or by a web host.\r\nUsually, users connect to a server using its domain name, which is registered with a domain name registrar. When users connect to the domain name (such as &quot;computerhope.com&quot;), the name is automatically translated to the server's IP address by a DNS resolver.\r\nThe domain name makes it easier for users to connect to the server because the name is easier to remember than an IP address. Also, domain names enable the server operator to change the IP address of the server without disrupting the way that users access the server. The domain name can always remain the same, even if the IP address changes.\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: bold;\">Where are servers stored?</span>\r\nIn a business or corporate environment, a server and other network equipment are often stored in a closet or glasshouse. These areas help isolate sensitive computers and equipment from people who should not have access to them.\r\nServers that are remote or not hosted on-site are located in a data center. With these types of servers, the hardware is managed by another company and configured remotely by you or your company.","iconURL":"https://old.roi4cio.com/fileadmin/user_upload/icon_Server.png"},{"id":689,"title":"Amazon Web Services","alias":"amazon-web-services","description":"Amazon Web Services (AWS) is a subsidiary of Amazon that provides on-demand cloud computing platforms to individuals, companies and governments, on a metered pay-as-you-go basis. In aggregate, these cloud computing web services provide a set of primitive, abstract technical infrastructure and distributed computing building blocks and tools. One of these services is Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud, which allows users to have at their disposal a virtual cluster of computers, available all the time, through the Internet. AWS's version of virtual computers emulate most of the attributes of a real computer including hardware (CPU(s) &amp; GPU(s) for processing, local/RAM memory, hard-disk/SSD storage); a choice of operating systems; networking; and pre-loaded application software such as web servers, databases, CRM, etc.\r\nThe AWS technology is implemented at server farms throughout the world, and maintained by the Amazon subsidiary. Fees are based on a combination of usage, the hardware/OS/software/networking features chosen by the subscriber, required availability, redundancy, security, and service options. Subscribers can pay for a single virtual AWS computer, a dedicated physical computer, or clusters of either. As part of the subscription agreement, Amazon provides security for subscribers' system. AWS operates from many global geographical regions including 6 in North America.\r\nIn 2017, AWS comprised more than 90 services spanning a wide range including computing, storage, networking, database, analytics, application services, deployment, management, mobile, developer tools, and tools for the Internet of Things. The most popular include Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2) and Amazon Simple Storage Service (S3). Most services are not exposed directly to end users, but instead offer functionality through APIs for developers to use in their applications. Amazon Web Services' offerings are accessed over HTTP, using the REST architectural style and SOAP protocol.\r\nAmazon markets AWS to subscribers as a way of obtaining large scale computing capacity more quickly and cheaply than building an actual physical server farm. All services are billed based on usage, but each service measures usage in varying ways. As of 2017, AWS owns a dominant 34% of all cloud (IaaS, PaaS) while the next three competitors Microsoft, Google, and IBM have 11%, 8%, 6% respectively according to Synergy Group.","materialsDescription":"<span style=\"font-weight: bold;\">What is &quot;Amazon Web Services&quot; (AWS)?</span>\r\nWith Amazon Web Services (AWS), organizations can flexibly deploy storage space and computing capacity into Amazon's data centers without having to maintain their own hardware. A big advantage is that the infrastructure covers all dimensions for cloud computing. Whether it's video sharing, high-resolution photos, print data, or text documents, AWS can deliver IT resources on-demand, over the Internet, at a cost-per-use basis. The service exists since 2006 as a wholly owned subsidiary of Amazon Inc. The idea arose from the extensive experience with Amazon.com and the own need for platforms for web services in the cloud.\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: bold;\">What is Cloud Computing?</span>\r\nCloud Computing is a service that gives you access to expert-managed technology resources. The platform in the cloud provides the infrastructure (eg computing power, storage space) that does not have to be installed and configured in contrast to the hardware you have purchased yourself. Cloud computing only pays for the resources that are used. For example, a web shop can increase its computing power in the Christmas business and book less in &quot;weak&quot; months.\r\nAccess is via the Internet or VPN. There are no ongoing investment costs after the initial setup, but resources such as Virtual servers, databases or storage services are charged only after they have been used.\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: bold;\">Where is my data on Amazon AWS?</span>\r\nThere are currently eight Amazon Data Centers (AWS Regions) in different regions of the world. For each Amazon AWS resource, only the customer can decide where to use or store it. German customers typically use the data center in Ireland, which is governed by European law.\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: bold;\">How safe is my data on Amazon AWS?</span>\r\nThe customer data is stored in a highly secure infrastructure. Safety measures include, but are not limited to:\r\n<ul><li>Protection against DDos attacks (Distributed Denial of Service)</li><li>Defense against brute-force attacks on AWS accounts</li><li>Secure access: The access options are made via SSL.</li><li> Firewall: Output and access to the AWS data can be controlled.</li><li>Encrypted Data Storage: Data can be encrypted with Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) 256.</li><li>Certifications: Regular security review by independent certifications that AWS has undergone.</li></ul>\r\nEach Amazon data center (AWS region) consists of at least one Availability Zone. Availability Zones are stand-alone sub-sites that have been designed to be isolated from faults in other Availability Zones (independent power and data supply). Certain AWS resources, such as Database Services (RDS) or Storage Services (S3) automatically replicate your data within the AWS region to the different Availability Zones.\r\nAmazon AWS has appropriate certifications such as ISO27001 and has implemented a comprehensive security concept for the operation of its data center.\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: bold;\">Do I have to worry about hardware on Amazon AWS?</span>\r\nNo, all Amazon AWS resources are virtualized. Only Amazon takes care of the replacement and upgrade of hardware.\r\nNormally, you will not get anything out of defective hardware because defective storage media are exchanged by Amazon and since your data is stored multiple times redundantly, there is usually no problem either.\r\nIncidentally, if your chosen resources do not provide enough performance, you can easily get more CPU power from resources by just a few mouse clicks. You do not have to install anything new, just reboot your virtual machine or virtual database instance.","iconURL":"https://old.roi4cio.com/fileadmin/user_upload/icon_Amazon_Web_Services.png"}],"characteristics":[],"concurentProducts":[],"jobRoles":[],"organizationalFeatures":[],"complementaryCategories":[],"solutions":[],"materials":[],"useCases":[],"best_practices":[],"values":[],"implementations":[]},"ampex-tuffserv":{"id":3253,"logoURL":"https://old.roi4cio.com/fileadmin/user_upload/AMPEX.png","logo":true,"scheme":false,"title":"Ampex TuffServ","vendorVerified":0,"rating":"0.00","implementationsCount":1,"suppliersCount":0,"supplierPartnersCount":0,"alias":"ampex-tuffserv","companyTitle":"Ampex","companyTypes":["supplier","vendor"],"companyId":5126,"companyAlias":"ampex","description":"Ampex Data Systems is a legendary supplier of ruggedized airborne recording and network data acquisition systems used in flight test, ISR, and tactical mission applications. By using innovative hardware and software designed specifically to meet the performance needs of the marketplace, Ampex provides its customers with product solutions for their most demanding applications across the entire pricing spectrum - TuffServ 282, TuffServ 480GE, TuffServ 480v2, TuffServ 540, TuffServ 640, TuffServ 641, TuffServ® 481, TuffServ® TS 485. \r\nTuffServ®Series.\r\nEmploying a common architecture found throughout the TuffServ offerings all products advance performance and scalability to an entirely new level. With blazing read/write speeds of up 1GB/sec, 12.8TB of removable solid-statememory, and dual 10Gbit optical Ethernet ports, TuffServ offers unparalleled performance for a wide variety of airborne and mobile applications.\r\nThey addresses key issues encountered when attempting to take products designed for data center use into aerospace environments: cooling, removable storage and the management of internal cables in high-vibration environments.7","shortDescription":"The TuffServ is series of servers designed to perform in extreme airborne, ground, and space environments and offers the fastest ruggedized Network File Servers on the market. ","type":null,"isRoiCalculatorAvaliable":false,"isConfiguratorAvaliable":false,"bonus":100,"usingCount":0,"sellingCount":0,"discontinued":0,"rebateForPoc":0,"rebate":0,"seo":{"title":"Ampex TuffServ","keywords":"","description":"Ampex Data Systems is a legendary supplier of ruggedized airborne recording and network data acquisition systems used in flight test, ISR, and tactical mission applications. By using innovative hardware and software designed specifically to meet the performanc","og:title":"Ampex TuffServ","og:description":"Ampex Data Systems is a legendary supplier of ruggedized airborne recording and network data acquisition systems used in flight test, ISR, and tactical mission applications. By using innovative hardware and software designed specifically to meet the performanc","og:image":"https://old.roi4cio.com/fileadmin/user_upload/AMPEX.png"},"eventUrl":"","translationId":3253,"dealDetails":null,"roi":null,"price":null,"bonusForReference":null,"templateData":[],"testingArea":"","categories":[{"id":35,"title":"Server","alias":"server","description":"In computing, a server is a computer program or a device that provides functionality for other programs or devices, called &quot;clients&quot;. This architecture is called the client–server model, and a single overall computation is distributed across multiple processes or devices. Servers can provide various functionalities, often called &quot;services&quot;, such as sharing data or resources among multiple clients, or performing computation for a client. A single server can serve multiple clients, and a single client can use multiple servers. A client process may run on the same device or may connect over a network to a server on a different device. Typical servers are database servers, file servers, mail servers, print servers, web servers, game servers, and application servers.\r\nClient–server systems are today most frequently implemented by (and often identified with) the request–response model: a client sends a request to the server, which performs some action and sends a response back to the client, typically with a result or acknowledgement. Designating a computer as &quot;server-class hardware&quot; implies that it is specialized for running servers on it. This often implies that it is more powerful and reliable than standard personal computers, but alternatively, large computing clusters may be composed of many relatively simple, replaceable server components.\r\nStrictly speaking, the term server refers to a computer program or process (running program). Through metonymy, it refers to a device used for (or a device dedicated to) running one or several server programs. On a network, such a device is called a host. In addition to server, the words serve and service (as noun and as verb) are frequently used, though servicer and servant are not. The word service (noun) may refer to either the abstract form of functionality, e.g. Web service. Alternatively, it may refer to a computer program that turns a computer into a server, e.g. Windows service. Originally used as &quot;servers serve users&quot; (and &quot;users use servers&quot;), in the sense of &quot;obey&quot;, today one often says that &quot;servers serve data&quot;, in the same sense as &quot;give&quot;. For instance, web servers &quot;serve web pages to users&quot; or &quot;service their requests&quot;.\r\nThe server is part of the client–server model; in this model, a server serves data for clients. The nature of communication between a client and server is request and response. This is in contrast with peer-to-peer model in which the relationship is on-demand reciprocation. In principle, any computerized process that can be used or called by another process (particularly remotely, particularly to share a resource) is a server, and the calling process or processes is a client. Thus any general purpose computer connected to a network can host servers. For example, if files on a device are shared by some process, that process is a file server. Similarly, web server software can run on any capable computer, and so a laptop or a personal computer can host a web server.\r\nWhile request–response is the most common client–server design, there are others, such as the publish–subscribe pattern. In the publish–subscribe pattern, clients register with a pub–sub server, subscribing to specified types of messages; this initial registration may be done by request–response. Thereafter, the pub–sub server forwards matching messages to the clients without any further requests: the server pushes messages to the client, rather than the client pulling messages from the server as in request–response.","materialsDescription":" <span style=\"font-weight: bold;\">What is a server?</span>\r\nA server is a software or hardware device that accepts and responds to requests made over a network. The device that makes the request, and receives a response from the server, is called a client. On the Internet, the term &quot;server&quot; commonly refers to the computer system which receives a request for a web document and sends the requested information to the client.\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: bold;\">What are they used for?</span>\r\nServers are used to manage network resources. For example, a user may set up a server to control access to a network, send/receive an e-mail, manage print jobs, or host a website. They are also proficient at performing intense calculations. Some servers are committed to a specific task, often referred to as dedicated. However, many servers today are shared servers which can take on the responsibility of e-mail, DNS, FTP, and even multiple websites in the case of a web server.\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: bold;\">Why are servers always on?</span>\r\nBecause they are commonly used to deliver services that are constantly required, most servers are never turned off. Consequently, when servers fail, they can cause the network users and company many problems. To alleviate these issues, servers are commonly set up to be fault-tolerant.\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: bold;\">What are the examples of servers?</span>\r\nThe following list contains links to various server types:\r\n<ul><li>Application server;</li><li>Blade server;</li><li>Cloud server;</li><li>Database server;</li><li>Dedicated server;</li><li>Domain name service;</li><li>File server;</li><li>Mail server;</li><li>Print server;</li><li>Proxy server;</li><li>Standalone server;</li><li>Web server.</li></ul>\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: bold;\">How do other computers connect to a server?</span>\r\nWith a local network, the server connects to a router or switch that all other computers on the network use. Once connected to the network, other computers can access that server and its features. For example, with a web server, a user could connect to the server to view a website, search, and communicate with other users on the network.\r\nAn Internet server works the same way as a local network server, but on a much larger scale. The server is assigned an IP address by InterNIC, or by a web host.\r\nUsually, users connect to a server using its domain name, which is registered with a domain name registrar. When users connect to the domain name (such as &quot;computerhope.com&quot;), the name is automatically translated to the server's IP address by a DNS resolver.\r\nThe domain name makes it easier for users to connect to the server because the name is easier to remember than an IP address. Also, domain names enable the server operator to change the IP address of the server without disrupting the way that users access the server. The domain name can always remain the same, even if the IP address changes.\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: bold;\">Where are servers stored?</span>\r\nIn a business or corporate environment, a server and other network equipment are often stored in a closet or glasshouse. These areas help isolate sensitive computers and equipment from people who should not have access to them.\r\nServers that are remote or not hosted on-site are located in a data center. With these types of servers, the hardware is managed by another company and configured remotely by you or your company.","iconURL":"https://old.roi4cio.com/fileadmin/user_upload/icon_Server.png"},{"id":471,"title":"Hardware","alias":"hardware","description":" Computer hardware includes the physical, tangible parts or components of a computer, such as the cabinet, central processing unit, monitor, keyboard, computer data storage, graphics card, sound card, speakers and motherboard. By contrast, software is instructions that can be stored and run by hardware. Hardware is so-termed because it is &quot;hard&quot; or rigid with respect to changes or modifications; whereas software is &quot;soft&quot; because it is easy to update or change. Intermediate between software and hardware is &quot;firmware&quot;, which is software that is strongly coupled to the particular hardware of a computer system and thus the most difficult to change but also among the most stable with respect to consistency of interface. The progression from levels of &quot;hardness&quot; to &quot;softness&quot; in computer systems parallels a progression of layers of abstraction in computing.\r\nHardware is typically directed by the software to execute any command or instruction. A combination of hardware and software forms a usable computing system, although other systems exist with only hardware components.\r\nThe template for all modern computers is the Von Neumann architecture, detailed in a 1945 paper by Hungarian mathematician John von Neumann. This describes a design architecture for an electronic digital computer with subdivisions of a processing unit consisting of an arithmetic logic unit and processor registers, a control unit containing an instruction register and program counter, a memory to store both data and instructions, external mass storage, and input and output mechanisms. The meaning of the term has evolved to mean a stored-program computer in which an instruction fetch and a data operation cannot occur at the same time because they share a common bus. This is referred to as the Von Neumann bottleneck and often limits the performance of the system.","materialsDescription":" <span style=\"font-weight: bold; \">What does Hardware (H/W) mean?</span>\r\nHardware (H/W), in the context of technology, refers to the physical elements that make up a computer or electronic system and everything else involved that is physically tangible. This includes the monitor, hard drive, memory and CPU. Hardware works hand-in-hand with firmware and software to make a computer function.\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: bold; \">What are the types of computer systems?</span>\r\n<span style=\"font-style: italic; \"><span style=\"font-weight: bold; \">Personal computer</span></span>\r\nThe personal computer, also known as the PC, is one of the most common types of computer due to its versatility and relatively low price. Laptops are generally very similar, although they may use lower-power or reduced size components, thus lower performance.\r\n<span style=\"font-style: italic; \"><span style=\"font-weight: bold; \">Case</span></span>\r\nThe computer case encloses and holds most of the components of the system. It provides mechanical support and protection for internal elements such as the motherboard, disk drives, and power supplies, and controls and directs the flow of cooling air over internal components. The case is also part of the system to control electromagnetic interference radiated by the computer, and protects internal parts from electrostatic discharge. Large tower cases provide extra internal space for multiple disk drives or other peripherals and usually stand on the floor, while desktop cases provide less expansion room. All-in-one style designs include a video display built into the same case. Portable and laptop computers require cases that provide impact protection for the unit. A current development in laptop computers is a detachable keyboard, which allows the system to be configured as a touch-screen tablet. Hobbyists may decorate the cases with colored lights, paint, or other features, in an activity called case modding.\r\n<span style=\"font-style: italic; \"><span style=\"font-weight: bold; \">Power supply</span></span>\r\nA power supply unit (PSU) converts alternating current (AC) electric power to low-voltage direct current (DC) power for the internal components of the computer. Laptops are capable of running from a built-in battery, normally for a period of hours. The PSU typically uses a switched-mode power supply (SMPS), with power MOSFETs (power metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistors) used in the converters and regulator circuits of the SMPS.\r\n<span style=\"font-style: italic; \"><span style=\"font-weight: bold; \">Motherboard</span></span>\r\nThe motherboard is the main component of a computer. It is a board with integrated circuitry that connects the other parts of the computer including the CPU, the RAM, the disk drives (CD, DVD, hard disk, or any others) as well as any peripherals connected via the ports or the expansion slots. The integrated circuit (IC) chips in a computer typically contain billions of tiny metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistors (MOSFETs).\r\nComponents directly attached to or to part of the motherboard include:\r\n<ul><li><span style=\"font-weight: bold; \">The CPU (central processing unit)</span>, which performs most of the calculations which enable a computer to function, and is referred to as the brain of the computer which get a hold of program instruction from random-access memory (RAM), interprets and processes it and then send it backs to computer result so that the relevant components can carry out the instructions. The CPU is a microprocessor, which is fabricated on a metal–oxide–semiconductor (MOS) integrated circuit (IC) chip. It is usually cooled by a heat sink and fan, or water-cooling system. Most newer CPU include an on-die graphics processing unit (GPU). The clock speed of CPU governs how fast it executes instructions, and is measured in GHz; typical values lie between 1 GHz and 5 GHz. Many modern computers have the option to overclock the CPU which enhances performance at the expense of greater thermal output and thus a need for improved cooling.</li><li><span style=\"font-weight: bold; \">The chipset</span>, which includes the north bridge, mediates communication between the CPU and the other components of the system, including main memory; as well as south bridge, which is connected to the north bridge, and supports auxiliary interfaces and buses; and, finally, a Super I/O chip, connected through the south bridge, which supports the slowest and most legacy components like serial ports, hardware monitoring and fan control.</li><li><span style=\"font-weight: bold; \">Random-access memory (RAM)</span>, which stores the code and data that are being actively accessed by the CPU. For example, when a web browser is opened on the computer it takes up memory; this is stored in the RAM until the web browser is closed. It is typically a type of dynamic RAM (DRAM), such as synchronous DRAM (SDRAM), where MOS memory chips store data on memory cells consisting of MOSFETs and MOS capacitors. RAM usually comes on dual in-line memory modules (DIMMs) in the sizes of 2GB, 4GB, and 8GB, but can be much larger.</li><li><span style=\"font-weight: bold; \">Read-only memory (ROM)</span>, which stores the BIOS that runs when the computer is powered on or otherwise begins execution, a process known as Bootstrapping, or &quot;booting&quot; or &quot;booting up&quot;. The ROM is typically a nonvolatile BIOS memory chip, which stores data on floating-gate MOSFET memory cells.</li><li><span style=\"font-weight: bold; \">The BIOS (Basic Input Output System)</span> includes boot firmware and power management firmware. Newer motherboards use Unified Extensible Firmware Interface (UEFI) instead of BIOS.</li><li><span style=\"font-weight: bold; \">Buses</span> that connect the CPU to various internal components and to expand cards for graphics and sound.</li><li><span style=\"font-weight: bold; \">The CMOS</span> (complementary MOS) battery, which powers the CMOS memory for date and time in the BIOS chip. This battery is generally a watch battery.</li><li><span style=\"font-weight: bold; \">The video card</span> (also known as the graphics card), which processes computer graphics. More powerful graphics cards are better suited to handle strenuous tasks, such as playing intensive video games or running computer graphics software. A video card contains a graphics processing unit (GPU) and video memory (typically a type of SDRAM), both fabricated on MOS integrated circuit (MOS IC) chips.</li><li><span style=\"font-weight: bold; \">Power MOSFETs</span> make up the voltage regulator module (VRM), which controls how much voltage other hardware components receive.</li></ul>\r\n<span style=\"font-style: italic; \"><span style=\"font-weight: bold; \">Expansion cards</span></span>\r\nAn expansion card in computing is a printed circuit board that can be inserted into an expansion slot of a computer motherboard or backplane to add functionality to a computer system via the expansion bus. Expansion cards can be used to obtain or expand on features not offered by the motherboard.\r\n<span style=\"font-style: italic; \"><span style=\"font-weight: bold; \">Storage devices</span></span>\r\nA storage device is any computing hardware and digital media that is used for storing, porting and extracting data files and objects. It can hold and store information both temporarily and permanently, and can be internal or external to a computer, server or any similar computing device. Data storage is a core function and fundamental component of computers.\r\n<span style=\"font-style: italic; \"><span style=\"font-weight: bold; \">Fixed media</span></span>\r\nData is stored by a computer using a variety of media. Hard disk drives (HDDs) are found in virtually all older computers, due to their high capacity and low cost, but solid-state drives (SSDs) are faster and more power efficient, although currently more expensive than hard drives in terms of dollar per gigabyte, so are often found in personal computers built post-2007. SSDs use flash memory, which stores data on MOS memory chips consisting of floating-gate MOSFET memory cells. Some systems may use a disk array controller for greater performance or reliability.\r\n<span style=\"font-style: italic; \"><span style=\"font-weight: bold; \">Removable media</span></span>\r\nTo transfer data between computers, an external flash memory device (such as a memory card or USB flash drive) or optical disc (such as a CD-ROM, DVD-ROM or BD-ROM) may be used. Their usefulness depends on being readable by other systems; the majority of machines have an optical disk drive (ODD), and virtually all have at least one Universal Serial Bus (USB) port.\r\n<span style=\"font-style: italic; \"><span style=\"font-weight: bold; \">Input and output peripherals</span></span>\r\nInput and output devices are typically housed externally to the main computer chassis. The following are either standard or very common to many computer systems.\r\n<span style=\"font-style: italic; \"><span style=\"font-weight: bold; \">Input</span></span>\r\nInput devices allow the user to enter information into the system, or control its operation. Most personal computers have a mouse and keyboard, but laptop systems typically use a touchpad instead of a mouse. Other input devices include webcams, microphones, joysticks, and image scanners.\r\n<span style=\"font-style: italic; \"><span style=\"font-weight: bold; \">Output device</span></span>\r\nOutput devices display information in a human readable form. Such devices could include printers, speakers, monitors or a Braille embosser.\r\n<span style=\"font-style: italic; \"><span style=\"font-weight: bold; \">Mainframe computer</span></span>\r\nA mainframe computer is a much larger computer that typically fills a room and may cost many hundreds or thousands of times as much as a personal computer. They are designed to perform large numbers of calculations for governments and large enterprises.\r\n<span style=\"font-style: italic; \"><span style=\"font-weight: bold; \">Departmental computing</span></span>\r\nIn the 1960s and 1970s, more and more departments started to use cheaper and dedicated systems for specific purposes like process control and laboratory automation.\r\n<span style=\"font-style: italic;\"><span style=\"font-weight: bold;\">Supercomputer</span></span>\r\nA supercomputer is superficially similar to a mainframe, but is instead intended for extremely demanding computational tasks. As of June 2018, the fastest supercomputer on the TOP500supercomputer list is the Summit, in the United States, with a LINPACK benchmarkscore of 122.3 PFLOPS Light, by around 29 PFLOPS.\r\nThe term supercomputer does not refer to a specific technology. Rather it indicates the fastest computations available at any given time. In mid 2011, the fastest supercomputers boasted speeds exceeding one petaflop, or 1 quadrillion (10^15 or 1,000 trillion) floating point operations per second. Supercomputers are fast but extremely costly, so they are generally used by large organizations to execute computationally demanding tasks involving large data sets. Supercomputers typically run military and scientific applications. Although costly, they are also being used for commercial applications where huge amounts of data must be analyzed. For example, large banks employ supercomputers to calculate the risks and returns of various investment strategies, and healthcare organizations use them to analyze giant databases of patient data to determine optimal treatments for various diseases and problems incurring to the country. ","iconURL":"https://old.roi4cio.com/fileadmin/user_upload/icon_Hardware.jpg"},{"id":59,"title":"SCADA - Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition","alias":"scada-supervisory-control-and-data-acquisition","description":"<span style=\"font-weight: bold; \">SCADA</span> stands for <span style=\"font-weight: bold; \">Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition</span>, a term which describes the basic functions of a SCADA system. Companies use SCADA systems to control equipment across their sites and to collect and record data about their operations. SCADA is not a specific technology, but a type of application. Any application that gets operating data about a system in order to control and optimise that system is a SCADA application. That application may be a petrochemical distillation process, a water filtration system, a pipeline compressor, or just about anything else.\r\nSCADA solutions typically come in a combination of software and hardware elements, such as&nbsp;programmable logic controllers (PLCs) and remote terminal units (RTUs). Data acquisition in SCADA starts with PLCs and RTUs, which communicate with plant floor equipment such as factory machinery and sensors. Data gathered from the equipment is then sent to the next level, such as a control room, where operators can supervise the PLC and RTU controls using human-machine interfaces (HMIs). HMIs are an important element of SCADA systems. They are the screens that&nbsp;operators&nbsp;use to communicate with the SCADA system.\r\n<p class=\"align-center\"><span style=\"font-weight: bold; \">The major components of a SCADA technology include:</span></p>\r\n<ul><li><span style=\"font-weight: bold;\">Master Terminal Unit (MTU).</span> It comprises a computer, PLC and a network server that helps MTU to communicate with the RTUs. MTU begins communication, collects and saves data, helps to interface with operators and to communicate data to other systems.</li><li><span style=\"font-weight: bold;\">Remote Terminal Unit (RTU).</span> RTU is used to collect information from these sensors and further sends the data to MTU. RTUs have the storage capacity facility. So, it stores the data and transmits the data when MTU sends the corresponding command.</li><li><span style=\"font-weight: bold;\">Communication Network (defined by its network topology).</span> In general, network means connection. When you tell a SCADA communication network, it is defined as a link between RTU in the field to MTU in the central location. The bidirectional wired or wireless communication channel is used for the networking purpose. Various other communication mediums like fiber optic cables, twisted pair cables, etc. are also used.</li></ul>\r\n<p class=\"align-center\"><span style=\"font-weight: bold; \">Objectives of Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition system</span></p>\r\n<ul><li><span style=\"font-weight: bold;\">Monitor:</span> SCADA control system continuously monitors the physical parameters</li><li><span style=\"font-weight: bold;\">Measure:</span> It measures the parameter for processing</li><li><span style=\"font-weight: bold;\">Data Acquisition:</span> It acquires data from RTU, data loggers, etc</li><li><span style=\"font-weight: bold;\">Data Communication:</span> It helps to communicate and transmit a large amount of data between MTU and RTU units</li><li><span style=\"font-weight: bold;\">Controlling:</span> Online real-time monitoring and controlling of the process</li><li><span style=\"font-weight: bold;\">Automation:</span> It helps for automatic transmission and functionality</li></ul>\r\n\r\n","materialsDescription":"<h1 class=\"align-center\">Who Uses SCADA?</h1>\r\nSCADA systems are used by industrial organizations and companies in the public and private sectors to control and maintain efficiency, distribute data for smarter decisions, and communicate system issues to help mitigate downtime. Supervisory control systems work well in many different types of enterprises because they can range from simple configurations to large, complex installations. They are the backbone of many modern industries, including:\r\n<ul><li>Energy</li><li>Food and beverage</li><li>Manufacturing</li><li>Oil and gas</li><li>Power</li><li>Recycling</li><li>Transportation</li><li>Water and waste water</li><li>And many more</li></ul>\r\nVirtually anywhere you look in today's world, there is some type of SCADA monitoring system running behind the scenes: maintaining the refrigeration systems at the local supermarket, ensuring production and safety at a refinery, achieving quality standards at a waste water treatment plant, or even tracking your energy use at home, to give a few examples. Effective SCADA systems can result in significant savings of time and money. Numerous case studies have been published highlighting the benefits and savings of using a modern SCADA software.\r\n<h1 class=\"align-center\">Benefits of using SCADA software</h1>\r\nUsing modern SCADA software provides numerous benefits to businesses, and helps companies make the most of those benefits. Some of these advantages include:\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: bold; \">Easier engineering:</span> An advanced supervisory control application such provides easy-to-locate tools, wizards, graphic templates and other pre-configured elements, so engineers can create automation projects and set parameters quickly, even if they don't have programming experience. In addition, you can also easily maintain and expand existing applications as needed. The ability to automate the engineering process allows users, particularly system integrators and original equipment manufacturers (OEM), to set up complex projects much more efficiently and accurately.\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: bold; \">Improved data management:</span> A high-quality SCADA system makes it easier to collect, manage, access and analyze your operational data. It can enable automatic data recording and provide a central location for data storage. Additionally, it can transfer data to other systems such as MES and ERP as needed. \r\n<span style=\"font-weight: bold; \">Greater visibility:</span> One of the main advantages of using SCADA software is the improvement in visibility into your operations. It provides you with real-time information about your operations and enables you to conveniently view that information via an HMI. SCADA monitoring can also help in generating reports and analyzing data.\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: bold; \">Enhanced efficiency:</span> A SCADA system allows you to streamline processes through automated actions and user-friendly tools. The data that SCADA provides allows you to uncover opportunities for improving the efficiency of the operations, which can be used to make long-term changes to processes or even respond to real-time changes in conditions.\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: bold; \">Increased usability:</span> SCADA systems enable workers to control equipment more quickly, easily and safely through an HMI. Rather than having to control each piece of machinery manually, workers can manage them remotely and often control many pieces of equipment from a single location. Managers, even those who are not currently on the floor, also gain this capability.\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: bold; \">Reduced downtime:</span> A SCADA system can detect faults at an early stage and push instant alerts to the responsible personnel. Powered by predictive analytics, a SCADA system can also inform you of a potential issue of the machinery before it fails and causes larger problems. These features can help improve the overall equipment effectiveness (OEE) and reduce the amount of time and cost on troubleshooting and maintenance.\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: bold;\">Easy integration:</span> Connectivity to existing machine environments is key to removing data silos and maximizing productivity. \r\n<span style=\"font-weight: bold;\">Unified platform:</span>All of your data is also available in one platform, which helps you to get a clear overview of your operations and take full advantage of your data. All users also get real-time updates locally or remotely, ensuring everyone on your team is on the same page.<br /><br />","iconURL":"https://old.roi4cio.com/fileadmin/user_upload/SCADA__-_Supervisory_Control_And_Data_Acquisition.png"}],"characteristics":[],"concurentProducts":[],"jobRoles":[],"organizationalFeatures":[],"complementaryCategories":[],"solutions":[],"materials":[],"useCases":[],"best_practices":[],"values":[],"implementations":[]},"apc-aquaflair-trac-traf-trah":{"id":995,"logoURL":"https://old.roi4cio.com/fileadmin/user_upload/APC_Aquaflair_TRAC-TRAF-TRAH.jpg","logo":true,"scheme":false,"title":"APC Aquaflair TRAC-TRAF-TRAH","vendorVerified":0,"rating":"1.70","implementationsCount":0,"suppliersCount":0,"supplierPartnersCount":5,"alias":"apc-aquaflair-trac-traf-trah","companyTitle":"APC by Schneider Electric","companyTypes":["vendor"],"companyId":312,"companyAlias":"apc-by-schneider-electric","description":"Air-cooled chillers, free-cooling chillers and heat pumps with scroll compressors and R410A refrigerant.\r\n• All-in-one units, completely configurable for easy design and installation, continuous and quiet operations in multiple applications and environmental conditions.\r\n• Aquaflair chillers are designed for Tier III and IV data center installations","shortDescription":"Aquaflair TRAC-TRAF-TRAH\r\n110 – 400 kW - Air-cooled chillers, free-cooling chillers and heat pumps for mission critical applications","type":null,"isRoiCalculatorAvaliable":false,"isConfiguratorAvaliable":false,"bonus":100,"usingCount":0,"sellingCount":0,"discontinued":0,"rebateForPoc":0,"rebate":0,"seo":{"title":"APC Aquaflair TRAC-TRAF-TRAH","keywords":"chillers, Aquaflair, multiple, applications, operations, environmental, continuous, quiet","description":"Air-cooled chillers, free-cooling chillers and heat pumps with scroll compressors and R410A refrigerant.\r\n• All-in-one units, completely configurable for easy design and installation, continuous and quiet operations in multiple applications and environmental c","og:title":"APC Aquaflair TRAC-TRAF-TRAH","og:description":"Air-cooled chillers, free-cooling chillers and heat pumps with scroll compressors and R410A refrigerant.\r\n• All-in-one units, completely configurable for easy design and installation, continuous and quiet operations in multiple applications and environmental c","og:image":"https://old.roi4cio.com/fileadmin/user_upload/APC_Aquaflair_TRAC-TRAF-TRAH.jpg"},"eventUrl":"","translationId":995,"dealDetails":null,"roi":null,"price":null,"bonusForReference":null,"templateData":[],"testingArea":"","categories":[{"id":194,"title":"Air Conditioning","alias":"air-conditioning","description":" A large proportion of the total power consumption of the data center comes from cooling. That is why the cooling system in the data center often has the most significant energy-saving potential. Properly selected cooling system is able to maintain the optimum temperature in the data center, avoiding overcooling.\r\nIn modern machine rooms for cooling, the most commonly used cables are water-cooled or so-called “hot”/“cold aisles” between the rows of server racks. Free-cooling, in which cold outside air is used by chillers of the cooling system, is an efficient and environmentally friendly solution for data centers. When cooled, unclaimed heat is formed, which can then be used, for example, to heat rooms and stairwells.\r\nThe data processing center can also be cooled by connecting to the network of the district cooling station (if there is one in the area). Chilled water from the production plant is delivered to end users through pipes. Such a cooling system allows re-use of energy, since the heat generated during the cooling process can be used to heat the area and in places where heating is required.\r\nSeveral types of air conditioning systems are suitable for cooling a medium-sized data center - cabinet air conditioners, in-row air conditioners, and solutions based on free cooling technology.","materialsDescription":" <span style=\"font-weight: bold; \">Hot Aisle Containment System (HACS)</span>\r\nHot Aisle Containment System is a professional climate control system. Designed for technological rooms that require maintaining the specified parameters of temperature, humidity and air purity with high reliability and accuracy.\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: bold; \">In-house conditioners</span>\r\nIn-row air conditioners are designed for the removal of ultra-high heat loads typical of modern data centers. Ideal for &quot;hot&quot;/&quot;cold corridors&quot;, providing additional cold air to the cold corridor.\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: bold; \">Rack cooling systems</span>\r\nIn-cabinet air conditioner is mounted in a hermetically sealed rack. It is used when there is no cooling capacity reserve in the data center, when it is necessary to add a rack with electronic equipment to the data center.\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: bold; \">Chillers</span>\r\nChillers cool (or heat) the heat-transfer fluid that is fed into the piping system, from where it enters the heat exchangers and fan coil units. The heat carrier has a higher heat capacity than the air.\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: bold; \">Cooling towers</span>\r\nThe principle of the cooling tower is the cooling of a large volume of water by a directed stream of atmospheric air. This type of equipment is used in various systems of circulating water supply to lower the temperature of heat exchangers.\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: bold; \">Adiabatic systems</span>\r\nThe principle of the adiabatic cooling system consists in spraying purified water from impurities in the form of tiny droplets into hot air. Water evaporating in the air can cool it to a temperature close to that of a “wet thermometer.”\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: bold; \">Outdoor units</span>\r\nRemote components of a precision air-conditioning system (condensers, compressors) are mounted outdoors and are connected to a precision air conditioner and a direct evaporation system by refrigerant lines.","iconURL":"https://old.roi4cio.com/fileadmin/user_upload/Air_Conditioning__1_.png"}],"characteristics":[],"concurentProducts":[],"jobRoles":[],"organizationalFeatures":[],"complementaryCategories":[],"solutions":[],"materials":[],"useCases":[],"best_practices":[],"values":[],"implementations":[]},"apc-back-ups-pro":{"id":140,"logoURL":"https://old.roi4cio.com/fileadmin/user_upload/APC_Back-UPS_Pro.jpg","logo":true,"scheme":false,"title":"APC Back-UPS Pro","vendorVerified":0,"rating":"1.70","implementationsCount":0,"suppliersCount":0,"supplierPartnersCount":5,"alias":"apc-back-ups-pro","companyTitle":"APC by Schneider Electric","companyTypes":["vendor"],"companyId":312,"companyAlias":"apc-by-schneider-electric","description":"<span style=\"color: rgb(98, 100, 105); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; \">The Back-UPS Pro family offers guaranteed power protection for high performance computer systems, routers/modems, external storage devices, game consoles and other electronics in your home or business. These UPSs supply electronics with abundant battery backup during outages and stabilize unsafe voltage levels. They also provide power protection from damaging surges and spikes, and allow the use of management software so you get the most out of your UPS. Premium features of this family may include Automatic Voltage Regulation (AVR), an LCD display, Smart Outlets, energy saving functions that reduce electricity use, network manageability, Watchdog, or configurable outlets. Together with the rest of the Back-UPS Pro's standard features, they are the perfect choice to protect your data and keep your system available.</span>","shortDescription":"APC Back-UPS Pro - High Performance Computer and Electronics UPS for Premium Power Protection","type":null,"isRoiCalculatorAvaliable":false,"isConfiguratorAvaliable":false,"bonus":100,"usingCount":0,"sellingCount":0,"discontinued":0,"rebateForPoc":0,"rebate":0,"seo":{"title":"APC Back-UPS Pro","keywords":"your, Back-UPS, electronics, features, with, protection, power, family","description":"<span style=\"color: rgb(98, 100, 105); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; \">The Back-UPS Pro family offers guaranteed power protection for high performance computer systems, routers/modems, external storage devices, game consoles and other electronics ","og:title":"APC Back-UPS Pro","og:description":"<span style=\"color: rgb(98, 100, 105); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; \">The Back-UPS Pro family offers guaranteed power protection for high performance computer systems, routers/modems, external storage devices, game consoles and other electronics ","og:image":"https://old.roi4cio.com/fileadmin/user_upload/APC_Back-UPS_Pro.jpg"},"eventUrl":"","translationId":140,"dealDetails":null,"roi":null,"price":null,"bonusForReference":null,"templateData":[],"testingArea":"","categories":[{"id":33,"title":"UPS - Uninterruptible Power Supply","alias":"ups-uninterruptible-power-supply","description":"An uninterruptible power supply (UPS), also known as a battery backup, provides backup power when your regular power source fails or voltage drops to an unacceptable level. A UPS allows for the safe, orderly shutdown of a computer and connected equipment. The size and design of a UPS determine how long it will supply power.\r\nDifferent UPS topologies provide specific levels of power protection.\r\nStandby is the most basic UPS topology. A standby UPS resorts to battery backup power in the event of common power problems such as a blackout, voltage sag, or voltage surge. When incoming utility power drops below or surges above safe voltage levels, the UPS switches to DC battery power and then inverts it to AC power to run connected equipment. These models are designed for consumer electronics, entry-level computers, POS systems, security systems, and other basic electronic equipment.\r\nA line-interactive UPS incorporates technology which allows it to correct minor power fluctuations (under-voltages and over voltages) without switching to battery. This type of UPS has an autotransformer that regulates low voltages (e.g., brownouts) and over voltages (e.g., swells) without having to switch to battery. Line-interactive UPS models are typically used for consumer electronics, PCs, gaming systems, home theater electronics, network equipment, and entry-to-mid-range servers. They provide power during such events as a blackout, voltage sag, voltage surge, or over-voltage.\r\nA double-conversion (online) UPS provides consistent, clean, and near-perfect power regardless of the condition of incoming power. This UPS converts incoming AC power to DC, and then back to AC. UPS systems with this technology operate on isolated DC power 100 percent of the time and have a zero transfer time because they never need to switch to DC power. Double-conversion UPS systems are designed to protect mission-critical IT equipment, data center installations, high-end servers, large telecom installations and storage applications, and advanced network equipment from damage caused by a power blackout, voltage sag, voltage surge, over-voltage, voltage spike, frequency noise, frequency variation, or harmonic distortion.","materialsDescription":" <span style=\"font-weight: bold;\">What is a UPS system?</span>\r\nUPS stands for an uninterruptible power supply. This means that a UPS system is designed to keep the power running at all times. For instance, load shedding will be a problem of the past with our wide variety of products and solutions keeping your business moving.\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: bold;\">Where is a UPS used?</span>\r\nUPS systems can be used anywhere that needs to ensure that the power stays on. The most common applications are where power is critical to avoid infrastructure damage e.g. Data centers and manufacturing facilities.\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: bold;\">What is the difference between a battery and a UPS?</span>\r\nA battery is a device that stores energy, a UPS detects when there is no longer any power coming from the mains and switches over to the UPS batteries.\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: bold;\">Can I use a UPS for 6-7 hours?</span>\r\nIf the power requirement is low and the UPS is overrated, possibly, but normally running a UPS for this long requires so many UPS batteries it becomes unfeasible both financially and physically. It would be best to run a standby generator alongside your UPS to achieve this.\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: bold;\">What is the difference between a UPS and an Inverter?</span>\r\nThe UPS and inverter both provide the backup supply to the electrical system. The major difference between the UPS and inverter is that the UPS switches from the main supply to the battery immediately, but the inverter takes much longer.\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: bold;\">What is a non-critical load in a power system?</span>\r\nA non-critical load is an electrical device or devices, that aren’t key to keeping a business running or won’t be damaged by a power cut. In short, it doesn’t matter if these devices lose power in an outage.\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: bold;\">What is backup power?</span>\r\nBackup power is a term that simply means, a source of power if the main power source fails. This can be anything from some AA batteries in your mains powered alarm clock to UPS system and standby generator that is connected to your data center.\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: bold;\">What is the difference between a standby generator and a UPS system?</span>\r\nWhile both protect against a power cut, a UPS is an immediate, short term solution, provide power straight away for as long as its UPS batteries have a charge. A standby generator is a longer turn solution, that is slower to start up but will provide power for as long as it has fuel.<br /><br />","iconURL":"https://old.roi4cio.com/fileadmin/user_upload/icon_UPS.png"}],"characteristics":[],"concurentProducts":[],"jobRoles":[],"organizationalFeatures":[],"complementaryCategories":[],"solutions":[],"materials":[],"useCases":[],"best_practices":[],"values":[],"implementations":[]},"apc-smart-ups-vt":{"id":5076,"logoURL":"https://old.roi4cio.com/fileadmin/user_upload/ibp_smart.jpg","logo":true,"scheme":false,"title":"APC Smart-UPS VT","vendorVerified":0,"rating":"0.00","implementationsCount":0,"suppliersCount":0,"supplierPartnersCount":5,"alias":"apc-smart-ups-vt","companyTitle":"APC by Schneider Electric","companyTypes":["vendor"],"companyId":312,"companyAlias":"apc-by-schneider-electric","description":"10kVA to 40kVA<br />Smart-UPS® VT offers centralized 3 Phase UPS power protection with the reliability of the award winning Smart-UPS family. Ideal for small data centers, large retail stores, regional offices, and dense power requirements, the Smart-UPS VT includes dual-mains input, automatic and maintenance bypasses, and scalable runtime with hot-swappable batteries for increased availability. The rack mounted version maximizes valuable floor space by incorporating UPS, power distribution, and additional battery capacity in a single rack. Low cost of ownership is achieved through best-in-class efficiency and a reduction in rating of electrical infrastructure - wires, transformers, and generators due the Smart-UPS VT's Soft Start feature.\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: bold;\">BENEFITS</span><span style=\"font-weight: bold;\"></span>\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: bold;\">Protection</span>\r\n<ul><li>Ensures the product has been tested and approved to work safely with the connected service provider equipment and within the specified environment.</li></ul>\r\n<ul><li>Provides temporary battery power when the utility power is out.</li></ul>\r\n<ul><li>Gives higher application availability by correcting poor frequency and voltage conditions without using the battery.</li></ul>\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: bold;\">Sustainability</span>\r\n<ul><li>Ensures that UPSs sold in the EU are highly efficient</li></ul>\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: bold;\">Availability</span>\r\n<ul><li>Delivers higher availability through redundant batteries.</li></ul>\r\n<ul><li>Allows additional run time to be quickly added as needed.</li></ul>\r\n<ul><li>Increases availability by allowing the UPS to be connected to two separate power sources.</li></ul>\r\n<ul><li>Supplies utility power to the connected loads in the event of a UPS power overload or fault.</li></ul>\r\n<ul><li>Ensures clean, uninterrupted power to protected equipment when generator power is used.</li></ul>\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: bold;\">Serviceability</span>\r\n<ul><li>Enables fast battery replacement, lowering Mean Time to Repair (MTTR).</li></ul>\r\n<ul><li>Enables pre-installation UPS staging and testing and faster installation.</li></ul>\r\n<ul><li>Periodic battery self-test ensures early detection of a battery that needs to be replaced.</li></ul>\r\n<ul><li>Provides fast serviceability and reduced maintenance requirements via self-diagnosing, field-replaceable modules.</li></ul>\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: bold;\">Manageability</span>\r\n<ul><li>Quickly understand unit and power status with visual indicators.</li></ul>\r\n<ul><li>Ensures compatibility with different input frequencies.</li></ul>\r\n<ul><li>Provides notification of changing utility power and UPS power conditions</li></ul>\r\n<ul><li>Provides remote power management of the UPS over the network.</li></ul>\r\n<ul><li>Enables centralized management via the APC InfraStruXure Manager.</li></ul>\r\n<ul><li>Alpha-Numeric Display which displays system parameters and alarms.</li></ul>\r\n<ul><li>Customize UPS capabilities with management cards.</li></ul>\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: bold;\">Total Cost of Ownership</span>\r\n<ul><li>Maximizes battery performance, life, and reliability through intelligent, precision charging.</li></ul>\r\n<ul><li>Reduces installation costs by eliminating the need for an external mechanical bypass.</li></ul>\r\n<ul><li>Prolongs battery life by regulating the charge voltage according to battery temperature.</li></ul>\r\n<ul><li>Minimizes installation costs by enabling the use of smaller generators and cabling.</li></ul>","shortDescription":"APC Smart-UPC VT: Effective 10-40kVA 3 phase UPS power protection against downtime and data loss for mission critical applications.","type":null,"isRoiCalculatorAvaliable":false,"isConfiguratorAvaliable":false,"bonus":100,"usingCount":0,"sellingCount":0,"discontinued":0,"rebateForPoc":0,"rebate":0,"seo":{"title":"APC Smart-UPS VT","keywords":"","description":"10kVA to 40kVA<br />Smart-UPS® VT offers centralized 3 Phase UPS power protection with the reliability of the award winning Smart-UPS family. 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A UPS allows for the safe, orderly shutdown of a computer and connected equipment. The size and design of a UPS determine how long it will supply power.\r\nDifferent UPS topologies provide specific levels of power protection.\r\nStandby is the most basic UPS topology. A standby UPS resorts to battery backup power in the event of common power problems such as a blackout, voltage sag, or voltage surge. When incoming utility power drops below or surges above safe voltage levels, the UPS switches to DC battery power and then inverts it to AC power to run connected equipment. These models are designed for consumer electronics, entry-level computers, POS systems, security systems, and other basic electronic equipment.\r\nA line-interactive UPS incorporates technology which allows it to correct minor power fluctuations (under-voltages and over voltages) without switching to battery. This type of UPS has an autotransformer that regulates low voltages (e.g., brownouts) and over voltages (e.g., swells) without having to switch to battery. Line-interactive UPS models are typically used for consumer electronics, PCs, gaming systems, home theater electronics, network equipment, and entry-to-mid-range servers. They provide power during such events as a blackout, voltage sag, voltage surge, or over-voltage.\r\nA double-conversion (online) UPS provides consistent, clean, and near-perfect power regardless of the condition of incoming power. This UPS converts incoming AC power to DC, and then back to AC. UPS systems with this technology operate on isolated DC power 100 percent of the time and have a zero transfer time because they never need to switch to DC power. Double-conversion UPS systems are designed to protect mission-critical IT equipment, data center installations, high-end servers, large telecom installations and storage applications, and advanced network equipment from damage caused by a power blackout, voltage sag, voltage surge, over-voltage, voltage spike, frequency noise, frequency variation, or harmonic distortion.","materialsDescription":" <span style=\"font-weight: bold;\">What is a UPS system?</span>\r\nUPS stands for an uninterruptible power supply. This means that a UPS system is designed to keep the power running at all times. For instance, load shedding will be a problem of the past with our wide variety of products and solutions keeping your business moving.\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: bold;\">Where is a UPS used?</span>\r\nUPS systems can be used anywhere that needs to ensure that the power stays on. The most common applications are where power is critical to avoid infrastructure damage e.g. Data centers and manufacturing facilities.\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: bold;\">What is the difference between a battery and a UPS?</span>\r\nA battery is a device that stores energy, a UPS detects when there is no longer any power coming from the mains and switches over to the UPS batteries.\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: bold;\">Can I use a UPS for 6-7 hours?</span>\r\nIf the power requirement is low and the UPS is overrated, possibly, but normally running a UPS for this long requires so many UPS batteries it becomes unfeasible both financially and physically. It would be best to run a standby generator alongside your UPS to achieve this.\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: bold;\">What is the difference between a UPS and an Inverter?</span>\r\nThe UPS and inverter both provide the backup supply to the electrical system. The major difference between the UPS and inverter is that the UPS switches from the main supply to the battery immediately, but the inverter takes much longer.\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: bold;\">What is a non-critical load in a power system?</span>\r\nA non-critical load is an electrical device or devices, that aren’t key to keeping a business running or won’t be damaged by a power cut. In short, it doesn’t matter if these devices lose power in an outage.\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: bold;\">What is backup power?</span>\r\nBackup power is a term that simply means, a source of power if the main power source fails. This can be anything from some AA batteries in your mains powered alarm clock to UPS system and standby generator that is connected to your data center.\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: bold;\">What is the difference between a standby generator and a UPS system?</span>\r\nWhile both protect against a power cut, a UPS is an immediate, short term solution, provide power straight away for as long as its UPS batteries have a charge. A standby generator is a longer turn solution, that is slower to start up but will provide power for as long as it has fuel.<br /><br />","iconURL":"https://old.roi4cio.com/fileadmin/user_upload/icon_UPS.png"}],"characteristics":[],"concurentProducts":[],"jobRoles":[],"organizationalFeatures":[],"complementaryCategories":[],"solutions":[],"materials":[],"useCases":[],"best_practices":[],"values":[],"implementations":[]},"apc-symmetra":{"id":142,"logoURL":"https://old.roi4cio.com/fileadmin/user_upload/APC.png","logo":true,"scheme":false,"title":"APC Symmetra","vendorVerified":0,"rating":"1.70","implementationsCount":0,"suppliersCount":0,"supplierPartnersCount":5,"alias":"apc-symmetra","companyTitle":"APC by Schneider Electric","companyTypes":["vendor"],"companyId":312,"companyAlias":"apc-by-schneider-electric","description":"APC Symmetra is a highly available single phase UPS features redundant and scalable double-conversion on-line power protection.\r\nEngineered to deliver the highest level of business continuity possible, Symmetra's modular, redundant architecture can scale power and run time as demand increases or when higher levels of availability are required. Integrated network manageability provides real time status updates of UPS health and environmental conditions. Hot-swappable, user replaceable power, battery, and intelligence modules enables low MTTR and ease of service. Symmetra's modular design provides redundant power in a single chassis for business-critical applications in server rooms and network closets.\r\n","shortDescription":"APC Symmetra is a highly available single phase UPS features redundant and scalable double-conversion on-line power protection","type":null,"isRoiCalculatorAvaliable":false,"isConfiguratorAvaliable":false,"bonus":100,"usingCount":0,"sellingCount":0,"discontinued":0,"rebateForPoc":0,"rebate":0,"seo":{"title":"APC Symmetra","keywords":"power, Symmetra, redundant, modular, time, network, single, provides","description":"APC Symmetra is a highly available single phase UPS features redundant and scalable double-conversion on-line power protection.\r\nEngineered to deliver the highest level of business continuity possible, Symmetra's modular, redundant architecture can scale power","og:title":"APC Symmetra","og:description":"APC Symmetra is a highly available single phase UPS features redundant and scalable double-conversion on-line power protection.\r\nEngineered to deliver the highest level of business continuity possible, Symmetra's modular, redundant architecture can scale power","og:image":"https://old.roi4cio.com/fileadmin/user_upload/APC.png"},"eventUrl":"","translationId":142,"dealDetails":null,"roi":null,"price":null,"bonusForReference":null,"templateData":[],"testingArea":"","categories":[{"id":33,"title":"UPS - Uninterruptible Power Supply","alias":"ups-uninterruptible-power-supply","description":"An uninterruptible power supply (UPS), also known as a battery backup, provides backup power when your regular power source fails or voltage drops to an unacceptable level. A UPS allows for the safe, orderly shutdown of a computer and connected equipment. The size and design of a UPS determine how long it will supply power.\r\nDifferent UPS topologies provide specific levels of power protection.\r\nStandby is the most basic UPS topology. A standby UPS resorts to battery backup power in the event of common power problems such as a blackout, voltage sag, or voltage surge. When incoming utility power drops below or surges above safe voltage levels, the UPS switches to DC battery power and then inverts it to AC power to run connected equipment. These models are designed for consumer electronics, entry-level computers, POS systems, security systems, and other basic electronic equipment.\r\nA line-interactive UPS incorporates technology which allows it to correct minor power fluctuations (under-voltages and over voltages) without switching to battery. This type of UPS has an autotransformer that regulates low voltages (e.g., brownouts) and over voltages (e.g., swells) without having to switch to battery. Line-interactive UPS models are typically used for consumer electronics, PCs, gaming systems, home theater electronics, network equipment, and entry-to-mid-range servers. They provide power during such events as a blackout, voltage sag, voltage surge, or over-voltage.\r\nA double-conversion (online) UPS provides consistent, clean, and near-perfect power regardless of the condition of incoming power. This UPS converts incoming AC power to DC, and then back to AC. UPS systems with this technology operate on isolated DC power 100 percent of the time and have a zero transfer time because they never need to switch to DC power. Double-conversion UPS systems are designed to protect mission-critical IT equipment, data center installations, high-end servers, large telecom installations and storage applications, and advanced network equipment from damage caused by a power blackout, voltage sag, voltage surge, over-voltage, voltage spike, frequency noise, frequency variation, or harmonic distortion.","materialsDescription":" <span style=\"font-weight: bold;\">What is a UPS system?</span>\r\nUPS stands for an uninterruptible power supply. This means that a UPS system is designed to keep the power running at all times. For instance, load shedding will be a problem of the past with our wide variety of products and solutions keeping your business moving.\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: bold;\">Where is a UPS used?</span>\r\nUPS systems can be used anywhere that needs to ensure that the power stays on. The most common applications are where power is critical to avoid infrastructure damage e.g. Data centers and manufacturing facilities.\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: bold;\">What is the difference between a battery and a UPS?</span>\r\nA battery is a device that stores energy, a UPS detects when there is no longer any power coming from the mains and switches over to the UPS batteries.\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: bold;\">Can I use a UPS for 6-7 hours?</span>\r\nIf the power requirement is low and the UPS is overrated, possibly, but normally running a UPS for this long requires so many UPS batteries it becomes unfeasible both financially and physically. It would be best to run a standby generator alongside your UPS to achieve this.\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: bold;\">What is the difference between a UPS and an Inverter?</span>\r\nThe UPS and inverter both provide the backup supply to the electrical system. The major difference between the UPS and inverter is that the UPS switches from the main supply to the battery immediately, but the inverter takes much longer.\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: bold;\">What is a non-critical load in a power system?</span>\r\nA non-critical load is an electrical device or devices, that aren’t key to keeping a business running or won’t be damaged by a power cut. In short, it doesn’t matter if these devices lose power in an outage.\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: bold;\">What is backup power?</span>\r\nBackup power is a term that simply means, a source of power if the main power source fails. This can be anything from some AA batteries in your mains powered alarm clock to UPS system and standby generator that is connected to your data center.\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: bold;\">What is the difference between a standby generator and a UPS system?</span>\r\nWhile both protect against a power cut, a UPS is an immediate, short term solution, provide power straight away for as long as its UPS batteries have a charge. A standby generator is a longer turn solution, that is slower to start up but will provide power for as long as it has fuel.<br /><br />","iconURL":"https://old.roi4cio.com/fileadmin/user_upload/icon_UPS.png"}],"characteristics":[],"concurentProducts":[],"jobRoles":[],"organizationalFeatures":[],"complementaryCategories":[],"solutions":[],"materials":[],"useCases":[],"best_practices":[],"values":[],"implementations":[]},"arbit-data-diode":{"id":3383,"logoURL":"https://old.roi4cio.com/fileadmin/user_upload/datadiode1.jpg","logo":true,"scheme":false,"title":"Arbit Data Diode","vendorVerified":0,"rating":"0.00","implementationsCount":0,"suppliersCount":0,"supplierPartnersCount":0,"alias":"arbit-data-diode","companyTitle":"Arbit","companyTypes":["supplier","vendor"],"companyId":5334,"companyAlias":"arbit","description":"The Arbit Data Diode moves data from an insecure network to a secure network ensuring that no data is able to flow back. This is handles by the physical principle of the data diode.\r\nThe Arbit Data Diode is a physical data diode that eliminates the threat of remote data stealing by establishing a physically secure one-way connection with a single fiber-optic cable. The transmission is handled by two dedicated servers.\r\nThe sending server is called a pitcher and the receiving server is called a catcher. No data can be transported from the receiving network to the transmitting network. Therefore, the Arbit Data Diode is just as safe as manual data transfer, but offers the same convenience as a normal network connection.<br /><br /><span style=\"font-weight: bold;\">The Arbit Data Diode has the following features:</span>\r\n\r\n<ul><li>More hardware configurations available</li></ul>\r\n<ul><li>Maximum file size limited only by available disk space</li></ul>\r\n<ul><li>Based on gigabit network interfaces</li></ul>\r\n<ul><li>Transports all file types and emails with full transaction control</li></ul>\r\n<ul><li>Unlimited number of data channels</li></ul>\r\n<ul><li>Data channel priority (on transaction basis)</li></ul>\r\n<ul><li>Supports up to 24 streaming channels (video, radio, etc.)</li></ul>\r\n<ul><li>Back Pressure in case of critical diskspace</li></ul>\r\n<ul><li>Safe points in case of increased data flow</li></ul>\r\n<ul><li>Notifications by email: Required retransmissions, Daily operational statistics, Total count and size of transactions within last 24h.</li></ul>\r\n<ul><li>Operated by web-interfaces</li></ul>\r\n<ul><li>No daily maintenance</li></ul>\r\n<ul><li>Software based on hardened Linux</li></ul>\r\n<ul><li>Support Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) networks</li></ul>\r\n<ul><li>Support Industrial Control Systems (ICS)</li></ul>\r\n<br />SUPPORTED PROTOCOLS\r\n<ul><li>Mail (SMTP)</li></ul>\r\n<ul><li>Simple file transfer (FTP, SFTP)</li></ul>\r\n<ul><li>Windows share mapping (SMB)</li></ul>\r\n<ul><li>Time synchronization (NTP)</li></ul>\r\n<ul><li>HTTP/HTTPS forwarding</li></ul>\r\n<ul><li>Streaming (UDP/TCP)&nbsp; </li></ul>","shortDescription":"The Arbit Data Diode is a physical data diode that eliminates the threat of remote data stealing by establishing a physically secure one-way connection with a single fiber-optic cable","type":null,"isRoiCalculatorAvaliable":false,"isConfiguratorAvaliable":false,"bonus":100,"usingCount":0,"sellingCount":0,"discontinued":0,"rebateForPoc":0,"rebate":0,"seo":{"title":"Arbit Data Diode","keywords":"","description":"The Arbit Data Diode moves data from an insecure network to a secure network ensuring that no data is able to flow back. This is handles by the physical principle of the data diode.\r\nThe Arbit Data Diode is a physical data diode that eliminates the threat of r","og:title":"Arbit Data Diode","og:description":"The Arbit Data Diode moves data from an insecure network to a secure network ensuring that no data is able to flow back. This is handles by the physical principle of the data diode.\r\nThe Arbit Data Diode is a physical data diode that eliminates the threat of r","og:image":"https://old.roi4cio.com/fileadmin/user_upload/datadiode1.jpg"},"eventUrl":"","translationId":3383,"dealDetails":null,"roi":null,"price":null,"bonusForReference":null,"templateData":[],"testingArea":"","categories":[{"id":540,"title":"Security Hardware","alias":"security-hardware","description":"Hardware security as a discipline originated out of cryptographic engineering and involves hardware design, access control, secure multi-party computation, secure key storage, ensuring code authenticity and measures to ensure that the supply chain that built the product is secure, among other things.\r\nA hardware security module (HSM) is a physical computing device that safeguards and manages digital keys for strong authentication and provides cryptoprocessing. These modules traditionally come in the form of a plug-in card or an external device that attaches directly to a computer or network server.\r\nSome providers in this discipline consider that the key difference between hardware security and software security is that hardware security is implemented using &quot;non-Turing-machine&quot; logic (raw combinatorial logic or simple state machines). One approach, referred to as &quot;hardsec&quot;, uses FPGAs to implement non-Turing-machine security controls as a way of combining the security of hardware with the flexibility of software.\r\nHardware backdoors are backdoors in hardware. Conceptionally related, a hardware Trojan (HT) is a malicious modification of an electronic system, particularly in the context of an integrated circuit.\r\nA physical unclonable function (PUF) is a physical entity that is embodied in a physical structure and is easy to evaluate but hard to predict. Further, an individual PUF device must be easy to make but practically impossible to duplicate, even given the exact manufacturing process that produced it. In this respect, it is the hardware analog of a one-way function. The name &quot;physically unclonable function&quot; might be a little misleading as some PUFs are clonable, and most PUFs are noisy and therefore do not achieve the requirements for a function. Today, PUFs are usually implemented in integrated circuits and are typically used in applications with high-security requirements.\r\nMany attacks on sensitive data and resources reported by organizations occur from within the organization itself.","materialsDescription":"<span style=\"font-weight: bold;\">What is hardware information security?</span>\r\nHardware means various types of devices (mechanical, electromechanical, electronic, etc.), which solve information protection problems with hardware. They impede access to information, including through its disguise. The hardware includes: noise generators, surge protectors, scanning radios and many other devices that &quot;block&quot; potential channels of information leakage or allow them to be detected. The advantages of technical means are related to their reliability, independence from subjective factors and high resistance to modification. The weaknesses include a lack of flexibility, relatively large volume and mass and high cost. The hardware for information protection includes the most diverse technical structures in terms of operation, device and capabilities, which ensure the suppression of disclosure, protection against leakage and counteraction to unauthorized access to sources of confidential information.\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: bold;\">Where is the hardware used to protect information?</span>\r\nHardware information protection is used to solve the following problems:\r\n<ul><li>conducting special studies of technical means of ensuring production activity for the presence of possible channels of information leakage;</li><li>identification of information leakage channels at various objects and in premises;</li><li>localization of information leakage channels;</li><li>search and detection of industrial espionage tools;</li><li>countering unauthorized access to confidential information sources and other actions.</li></ul>\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: bold;\">What is the classification of information security hardware?</span>\r\nAccording to the functional purpose, the hardware can be classified into detection tools, search tools and detailed measurements and active and passive countermeasures. At the same time, according to their technical capabilities, information protection tools can be general-purpose, designed for use by non-professionals in order to obtain preliminary (general) estimates, and professional complexes that allow for a thorough search, detection and precision measurement of all the characteristics of industrial espionage equipment. As an example of the former, we can consider a group of IP electromagnetic radiation indicators, which have a wide range of received signals and rather low sensitivity. As a second example - a complex for the detection and direction finding of radio bookmarks, designed to automatically detect and locate radio transmitters, radio microphones, telephone bookmarks and network radio transmitters.<br /><br />","iconURL":"https://old.roi4cio.com/fileadmin/user_upload/icon_Security_Hardware.png"},{"id":5,"title":"Security Software","alias":"security-software","description":" Computer security software or cybersecurity software is any computer program designed to enhance information security. Security software is a broad term that encompasses a suite of different types of software that deliver data and computer and network security in various forms. \r\nSecurity software can protect a computer from viruses, malware, unauthorized users and other security exploits originating from the Internet. Different types of security software include anti-virus software, firewall software, network security software, Internet security software, malware/spamware removal and protection software, cryptographic software, and more.\r\nIn end-user computing environments, anti-spam and anti-virus security software is the most common type of software used, whereas enterprise users add a firewall and intrusion detection system on top of it. \r\nSecurity soft may be focused on preventing attacks from reaching their target, on limiting the damage attacks can cause if they reach their target and on tracking the damage that has been caused so that it can be repaired. As the nature of malicious code evolves, security software also evolves.<span style=\"font-weight: bold; \"></span>\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: bold; \">Firewall. </span>Firewall security software prevents unauthorized users from accessing a computer or network without restricting those who are authorized. Firewalls can be implemented with hardware or software. Some computer operating systems include software firewalls in the operating system itself. For example, Microsoft Windows has a built-in firewall. Routers and servers can include firewalls. There are also dedicated hardware firewalls that have no other function other than protecting a network from unauthorized access.\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: bold; \">Antivirus.</span> Antivirus solutions work to prevent malicious code from attacking a computer by recognizing the attack before it begins. But it is also designed to stop an attack in progress that could not be prevented, and to repair damage done by the attack once the attack abates. Antivirus software is useful because it addresses security issues in cases where attacks have made it past a firewall. New computer viruses appear daily, so antivirus and security software must be continuously updated to remain effective.\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: bold; \">Antispyware.</span> While antivirus software is designed to prevent malicious software from attacking, the goal of antispyware software is to prevent unauthorized software from stealing information that is on a computer or being processed through the computer. Since spyware does not need to attempt to damage data files or the operating system, it does not trigger antivirus software into action. However, antispyware software can recognize the particular actions spyware is taking by monitoring the communications between a computer and external message recipients. When communications occur that the user has not authorized, antispyware can notify the user and block further communications.\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: bold; \">Home Computers.</span> Home computers and some small businesses usually implement&nbsp; security software at the desktop level - meaning on the PC itself. This category of computer security and protection, sometimes referred to as end-point security, remains resident, or continuously operating, on the desktop. Because the software is running, it uses system resources, and can slow the computer's performance. However, because it operates in real time, it can react rapidly to attacks and seek to shut them down when they occur.\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: bold; \">Network Security.</span> When several computers are all on the same network, it's more cost-effective to implement security at the network level. Antivirus software can be installed on a server and then loaded automatically to each desktop. However firewalls are usually installed on a server or purchased as an independent device that is inserted into the network where the Internet connection comes in. All of the computers inside the network communicate unimpeded, but any data going in or out of the network over the Internet is filtered trough the firewall.<br /><br /><br />","materialsDescription":"<h1 class=\"align-center\"> <span style=\"font-weight: normal; \">What is IT security software?</span></h1>\r\nIT security software provides protection to businesses’ computer or network. It serves as a defense against unauthorized access and intrusion in such a system. It comes in various types, with many businesses and individuals already using some of them in one form or another.\r\nWith the emergence of more advanced technology, cybercriminals have also found more ways to get into the system of many organizations. Since more and more businesses are now relying their crucial operations on software products, the importance of security system software assurance must be taken seriously – now more than ever. Having reliable protection such as a security software programs is crucial to safeguard your computing environments and data. \r\n<p class=\"align-left\">It is not just the government or big corporations that become victims of cyber threats. In fact, small and medium-sized businesses have increasingly become targets of cybercrime over the past years. </p>\r\n<h1 class=\"align-center\"><span style=\"font-weight: normal; \">What are the features of IT security software?</span></h1>\r\n\r\n<ul><li><span style=\"font-weight: bold; \">Automatic updates. </span>This ensures you don’t miss any update and your system is the most up-to-date version to respond to the constantly emerging new cyber threats.</li></ul>\r\n\r\n<ul><li><span style=\"font-weight: bold; \">Real-time scanning.</span> Dynamic scanning features make it easier to detect and infiltrate malicious entities promptly. Without this feature, you’ll risk not being able to prevent damage to your system before it happens.</li></ul>\r\n\r\n<ul><li><span style=\"font-weight: bold; \">Auto-clean.</span> A feature that rids itself of viruses even without the user manually removing it from its quarantine zone upon detection. Unless you want the option to review the malware, there is no reason to keep the malicious software on your computer which makes this feature essential.</li></ul>\r\n\r\n<ul><li><span style=\"font-weight: bold; \">Multiple app protection.</span> This feature ensures all your apps and services are protected, whether they’re in email, instant messenger, and internet browsers, among others.</li></ul>\r\n\r\n<ul><li><span style=\"font-weight: bold; \">Application level security.</span> This enables you to control access to the application on a per-user role or per-user basis to guarantee only the right individuals can enter the appropriate applications.</li></ul>\r\n\r\n<ul><li><span style=\"font-weight: bold; \">Role-based menu.</span> This displays menu options showing different users according to their roles for easier assigning of access and control.</li></ul>\r\n\r\n<ul><li><span style=\"font-weight: bold; \">Row-level (multi-tenant) security.</span> This gives you control over data access at a row-level for a single application. This means you can allow multiple users to access the same application but you can control the data they are authorized to view.</li></ul>\r\n\r\n<ul><li><span style=\"font-weight: bold; \">Single sign-on.</span> A session or user authentication process that allows users to access multiple related applications as long as they are authorized in a single session by only logging in their name and password in a single place.</li></ul>\r\n\r\n<ul><li><span style=\"font-weight: bold; \">User privilege parameters.</span> These are customizable features and security as per individual user or role that can be accessed in their profile throughout every application.</li></ul>\r\n\r\n<ul><li><span style=\"font-weight: bold; \">Application activity auditing.</span> Vital for IT departments to quickly view when a user logged in and off and which application they accessed. Developers can log end-user activity using their sign-on/signoff activities.</li></ul>\r\n<p class=\"align-left\"><br /><br /><br /><br /></p>","iconURL":"https://old.roi4cio.com/fileadmin/user_upload/icon_Security_Software.png"},{"id":461,"title":"Data Diode","alias":"data-diode","description":"A unidirectional network (also referred to as a unidirectional gateway or data diode) is a network appliance or device that allows data to travel in only one direction. Data diodes can be found most commonly in high-security environments, such as defense, where they serve as connections between two or more networks of differing security classifications. Given the rise of Industrial IoT and Digitization, this technology can now be found at the industrial control level for such facilities as nuclear power plants, power generation and safety-critical systems like railway networks.<br />After years of development, the use of data diodes has increased, creating two variations:\r\n<ul><li>Data Diode: more often used to refer to the simple hardware version that physically enforces data to flow in only one direction.</li><li>Unidirectional Gateway: Used to describe a more sophisticated device that typically has a computer on both its critical and open side. Unidirectional gateways are a combination of hardware and software. The hardware (data diode) permits data to flow from one network to another but is physically unable to send any information at all back into the source network. The software replicates databases and emulates protocol servers and devices, enabling compatibility with existing network protocols, allowing organizations to gain their benefits without changes to their existing systems.</li></ul>\r\nOnce only commonly found in high-security military environments, unidirectional gateways are now becoming widely spread in sectors like Oil &amp; Gas, water/wastewater, airplanes (between flight control units and in-flight entertainment systems), manufacturing and cloud connectivity for Industrial IoT primarily as a result of new regulations, increased demand and big industrial powerhouses. These industries/sectors and betting on this technology, which has had the effect of lowering the technology's core cost.","materialsDescription":"<span style=\"font-weight: bold;\">What Is Data Diode Technology &amp; How Does It Work?</span>\r\nToday's business environment is increasingly digital and more vulnerable than ever to a cyber attack. Because of this, various network security technologies have been developed to protect organizational data and infrastructures. One of the most effective of these modern technologies is the data diode. Although it is one of the most effective network security tools available, you may not have heard of this technology and know little of what it does. Below, you'll find a description of what data diode technology is and how it works.\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: bold;\">What Is Data Diode Technology?</span>\r\nA data diode is a communication device that enables the safe, one-way transfer of data between segmented networks. Intelligent data diode design maintains physical and electrical separation of source and destination networks, establishing a non-routable, completely closed one-way data transfer protocol between networks. Intelligent data diodes effectively eliminate external points of entry to the sending system, preventing intruders and contagious elements from infiltrating the network. Securing all of a network’s data outflow with data diodes makes it impossible for an insecure or hostile network to pass along malware, access your system, or accidentally make harmful changes.\r\nData diodes allow companies to send process data in real time to information management systems for use in financial, customer service, and management decisions — without compromising the security of your network. This protects valuable information and network infrastructure from theft, destruction, tampering, and human error, mitigating the potential loss of thousands of dollars and countless hours of work.\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: bold;\">How Does Data Diode Technology Work?</span>\r\nA &quot;diode&quot; is an electronic component that only allows current to flow in one direction. Similarly, data diode technology lets information flow safely in only one direction, from secure areas to less secure systems, without permitting reverse access. A data diode also creates a physical barrier or “air gap” between the two points. This one-way connection prevents data leakage, eliminates the threat of malware, and fully protects the process control network. Moreover, a single data diode can handle data transfers from multiple servers or devices simultaneously, without bottlenecking.\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: bold;\">Where is it used?</span>\r\nIt’s typically used to guarantee information security or protection of critical digital systems, such as industrial control systems, from cyber attacks. While the use of these devices is common in high-security environments such as defense, where they serve as connections between two or more networks of differing security classifications, the technology is also being used to enforce one-way communications outbound from critical digital systems to untrusted networks connected to the Internet.\r\nThe physical nature of unidirectional networks only allows data to pass from one side of a network connection to another, and not the other way around. This can be from the &quot;low side&quot; or untrusted network to the &quot;high side&quot; or trusted network or vice versa. In the first case, data in the high side network is kept confidential and users retain access to data from the low side. Such functionality can be attractive if sensitive data is stored on a network which requires connectivity with the Internet: the high side can receive Internet data from the low side, but no data on the high side is accessible to Internet-based intrusion. In the second case, a safety-critical physical system can be made accessible for online monitoring, yet be insulated from all Internet-based attacks that might seek to cause physical damage. In both cases, the connection remains unidirectional even if both the low and the high network are compromised, as the security guarantees are physical in nature.\r\nThere are two general models for using unidirectional network connections. In the classical model, the purpose of the data diode is to prevent the export of classified data from a secure machine while allowing the import of data from an insecure machine. In the alternative model, the diode is used to allow export of data from a protected machine while preventing attacks on that machine.","iconURL":"https://old.roi4cio.com/fileadmin/user_upload/icon_Data_Diode.png"},{"id":59,"title":"SCADA - Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition","alias":"scada-supervisory-control-and-data-acquisition","description":"<span style=\"font-weight: bold; \">SCADA</span> stands for <span style=\"font-weight: bold; \">Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition</span>, a term which describes the basic functions of a SCADA system. Companies use SCADA systems to control equipment across their sites and to collect and record data about their operations. SCADA is not a specific technology, but a type of application. Any application that gets operating data about a system in order to control and optimise that system is a SCADA application. That application may be a petrochemical distillation process, a water filtration system, a pipeline compressor, or just about anything else.\r\nSCADA solutions typically come in a combination of software and hardware elements, such as&nbsp;programmable logic controllers (PLCs) and remote terminal units (RTUs). Data acquisition in SCADA starts with PLCs and RTUs, which communicate with plant floor equipment such as factory machinery and sensors. Data gathered from the equipment is then sent to the next level, such as a control room, where operators can supervise the PLC and RTU controls using human-machine interfaces (HMIs). HMIs are an important element of SCADA systems. They are the screens that&nbsp;operators&nbsp;use to communicate with the SCADA system.\r\n<p class=\"align-center\"><span style=\"font-weight: bold; \">The major components of a SCADA technology include:</span></p>\r\n<ul><li><span style=\"font-weight: bold;\">Master Terminal Unit (MTU).</span> It comprises a computer, PLC and a network server that helps MTU to communicate with the RTUs. MTU begins communication, collects and saves data, helps to interface with operators and to communicate data to other systems.</li><li><span style=\"font-weight: bold;\">Remote Terminal Unit (RTU).</span> RTU is used to collect information from these sensors and further sends the data to MTU. RTUs have the storage capacity facility. So, it stores the data and transmits the data when MTU sends the corresponding command.</li><li><span style=\"font-weight: bold;\">Communication Network (defined by its network topology).</span> In general, network means connection. When you tell a SCADA communication network, it is defined as a link between RTU in the field to MTU in the central location. The bidirectional wired or wireless communication channel is used for the networking purpose. Various other communication mediums like fiber optic cables, twisted pair cables, etc. are also used.</li></ul>\r\n<p class=\"align-center\"><span style=\"font-weight: bold; \">Objectives of Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition system</span></p>\r\n<ul><li><span style=\"font-weight: bold;\">Monitor:</span> SCADA control system continuously monitors the physical parameters</li><li><span style=\"font-weight: bold;\">Measure:</span> It measures the parameter for processing</li><li><span style=\"font-weight: bold;\">Data Acquisition:</span> It acquires data from RTU, data loggers, etc</li><li><span style=\"font-weight: bold;\">Data Communication:</span> It helps to communicate and transmit a large amount of data between MTU and RTU units</li><li><span style=\"font-weight: bold;\">Controlling:</span> Online real-time monitoring and controlling of the process</li><li><span style=\"font-weight: bold;\">Automation:</span> It helps for automatic transmission and functionality</li></ul>\r\n\r\n","materialsDescription":"<h1 class=\"align-center\">Who Uses SCADA?</h1>\r\nSCADA systems are used by industrial organizations and companies in the public and private sectors to control and maintain efficiency, distribute data for smarter decisions, and communicate system issues to help mitigate downtime. Supervisory control systems work well in many different types of enterprises because they can range from simple configurations to large, complex installations. They are the backbone of many modern industries, including:\r\n<ul><li>Energy</li><li>Food and beverage</li><li>Manufacturing</li><li>Oil and gas</li><li>Power</li><li>Recycling</li><li>Transportation</li><li>Water and waste water</li><li>And many more</li></ul>\r\nVirtually anywhere you look in today's world, there is some type of SCADA monitoring system running behind the scenes: maintaining the refrigeration systems at the local supermarket, ensuring production and safety at a refinery, achieving quality standards at a waste water treatment plant, or even tracking your energy use at home, to give a few examples. Effective SCADA systems can result in significant savings of time and money. Numerous case studies have been published highlighting the benefits and savings of using a modern SCADA software.\r\n<h1 class=\"align-center\">Benefits of using SCADA software</h1>\r\nUsing modern SCADA software provides numerous benefits to businesses, and helps companies make the most of those benefits. Some of these advantages include:\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: bold; \">Easier engineering:</span> An advanced supervisory control application such provides easy-to-locate tools, wizards, graphic templates and other pre-configured elements, so engineers can create automation projects and set parameters quickly, even if they don't have programming experience. In addition, you can also easily maintain and expand existing applications as needed. The ability to automate the engineering process allows users, particularly system integrators and original equipment manufacturers (OEM), to set up complex projects much more efficiently and accurately.\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: bold; \">Improved data management:</span> A high-quality SCADA system makes it easier to collect, manage, access and analyze your operational data. It can enable automatic data recording and provide a central location for data storage. Additionally, it can transfer data to other systems such as MES and ERP as needed. \r\n<span style=\"font-weight: bold; \">Greater visibility:</span> One of the main advantages of using SCADA software is the improvement in visibility into your operations. It provides you with real-time information about your operations and enables you to conveniently view that information via an HMI. SCADA monitoring can also help in generating reports and analyzing data.\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: bold; \">Enhanced efficiency:</span> A SCADA system allows you to streamline processes through automated actions and user-friendly tools. The data that SCADA provides allows you to uncover opportunities for improving the efficiency of the operations, which can be used to make long-term changes to processes or even respond to real-time changes in conditions.\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: bold; \">Increased usability:</span> SCADA systems enable workers to control equipment more quickly, easily and safely through an HMI. Rather than having to control each piece of machinery manually, workers can manage them remotely and often control many pieces of equipment from a single location. Managers, even those who are not currently on the floor, also gain this capability.\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: bold; \">Reduced downtime:</span> A SCADA system can detect faults at an early stage and push instant alerts to the responsible personnel. Powered by predictive analytics, a SCADA system can also inform you of a potential issue of the machinery before it fails and causes larger problems. These features can help improve the overall equipment effectiveness (OEE) and reduce the amount of time and cost on troubleshooting and maintenance.\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: bold;\">Easy integration:</span> Connectivity to existing machine environments is key to removing data silos and maximizing productivity. \r\n<span style=\"font-weight: bold;\">Unified platform:</span>All of your data is also available in one platform, which helps you to get a clear overview of your operations and take full advantage of your data. All users also get real-time updates locally or remotely, ensuring everyone on your team is on the same page.<br /><br />","iconURL":"https://old.roi4cio.com/fileadmin/user_upload/SCADA__-_Supervisory_Control_And_Data_Acquisition.png"}],"characteristics":[],"concurentProducts":[],"jobRoles":[],"organizationalFeatures":[],"complementaryCategories":[],"solutions":[],"materials":[],"useCases":[],"best_practices":[],"values":[],"implementations":[]},"arbor-aps":{"id":196,"logoURL":"https://old.roi4cio.com/fileadmin/user_upload/Arbor_APS.jpg","logo":true,"scheme":false,"title":"Arbor APS","vendorVerified":0,"rating":"1.00","implementationsCount":0,"suppliersCount":0,"supplierPartnersCount":0,"alias":"arbor-aps","companyTitle":"Arbor Networks","companyTypes":["vendor"],"companyId":2744,"companyAlias":"arbor-networks","description":"• DDoS protection from active botnets\r\n• DDoS protection from active DDoS campaigns based on IP reputation\r\n• Advanced web crawler service\r\n• GeoIP tracking\r\n• Domain and IP reputation to block threats\r\nAPS enhances your overall protection by using Cloud Signaling™ to connect local protection with cloud-based DDoS services. With Cloud Signaling, APS automatically alerts upstream service providers, such as your ISP or Arbor CloudSM, when larger attacks threaten availability. This allows for a faster time to mitigate attacks.&nbsp;","shortDescription":"Arbor Networks® APS helps protect business continuity and availability from the growing constellation of DDoS attacks and other advanced threats. It provides the world’s most advanced and sophisticated attack detection and mitigation technology in an easy-to-deploy platform designed to automatically neutralize IPv4 and IPv6 attacks before they impact critical applications and services.","type":null,"isRoiCalculatorAvaliable":false,"isConfiguratorAvaliable":false,"bonus":100,"usingCount":0,"sellingCount":0,"discontinued":0,"rebateForPoc":0,"rebate":0,"seo":{"title":"Arbor APS","keywords":"protection, DDoS, Cloud, attacks, Arbor, reputation, service, from","description":"• DDoS protection from active botnets\r\n• DDoS protection from active DDoS campaigns based on IP reputation\r\n• Advanced web crawler service\r\n• GeoIP tracking\r\n• Domain and IP reputation to block threats\r\nAPS enhances your overall protection by using Cloud Signa","og:title":"Arbor APS","og:description":"• DDoS protection from active botnets\r\n• DDoS protection from active DDoS campaigns based on IP reputation\r\n• Advanced web crawler service\r\n• GeoIP tracking\r\n• Domain and IP reputation to block threats\r\nAPS enhances your overall protection by using Cloud Signa","og:image":"https://old.roi4cio.com/fileadmin/user_upload/Arbor_APS.jpg"},"eventUrl":"","translationId":196,"dealDetails":null,"roi":null,"price":null,"bonusForReference":null,"templateData":[],"testingArea":"","categories":[{"id":562,"title":"DDoS Protection - Appliance","alias":"ddos-protection-appliance","description":"A denial-of-service attack (DoS attack) is a cyber-attack in which the perpetrator seeks to make a machine or network resource unavailable to its intended users by temporarily or indefinitely disrupting services of a host connected to the Internet. Denial of service is typically accomplished by flooding the targeted machine or resource with superfluous requests in an attempt to overload systems and prevent some or all legitimate requests from being fulfilled.\r\nIn a distributed denial-of-service attack (DDoS attack), the incoming traffic flooding the victim originates from many different sources. This effectively makes it impossible to stop the attack simply by blocking a single source.\r\nA DoS or DDoS attack is analogous to a group of people crowding the entry door of a shop, making it hard for legitimate customers to enter, disrupting trade.\r\nCriminal perpetrators of DoS attacks often target sites or services hosted on high-profile web servers such as banks or credit card payment gateways. Revenge, blackmail and activism can motivate these attacks.\r\nBuying a DDoS mitigation appliance can be highly confusing, especially if you have never done this before. While selecting a DDoS protection solution you must understand the right features and have proper background knowledge. In case of distributed denial of service attacks, the bandwidth or resources of any targeted network is flooded with a large amount of malicious traffic. As a result, the system becomes overloaded and crashes. The legitimate users of the network are denied the service. The mail servers, DNS servers and the servers which host high-profile websites are the main target of DDOS attacks. Customers who use services of any shared network are also affected by these attacks. Therefore, anti-DDOS appliances are now vital.","materialsDescription":"<span style=\"font-weight: bold;\">DDoS mitigation solution</span>\r\nThere are two types of DDoS mitigation appliances. These include software and hardware solutions. Identical functions may be claimed by both forms of DDoS protection.\r\n<ul><li>Firewalls are the most common protection appliance, which can deny protocols, IP addresses or ports. However, they are not enough strong to provide protection from the more complicated DDoS attacks.</li><li>Switches are also effective solutions for preventing DDoS attacks. Most of these switches possess rate limiting capability and ACL. Some switches provide packet inspection, traffic shaping, delayed binding and rate limiting. They can detect the fake traffic through balancing and rate filtering.</li><li>Like switches, routers also have rate limiting and ACL capability. Most routers are capable of moving under DoS attacks.</li><li>Intrusion prevention systems are another option for you when it comes to protection from DDoS attacks. This solution can be effective in several cases of DDoS attacks. It can identify DDoS attacks and stop them because they possess the granularity as well as processing power required for identifying the attacks. Then they work in an automated manner to resolve the situation.</li><li>There are also rate-based intrusion prevention mechanisms, which are capable of analyzing traffic granularity. This system can also monitor the pattern of traffic.</li></ul>\r\nYou must check the connectivity while selecting a DDoS mitigation appliance. Capacity is also an important aspect of a DDoS protection solutions. You must figure out the number of ports, IPs, protocols, hosts, URLs and user agents that can be monitored by the appliance. An effective DDoS mitigation solution must also be properly customizable. Your DDoS mitigation appliance should be such that it can be upgraded according to your requirements. These are some important factors that you need to consider while choosing a DDoS mitigation appliance for your system.<br /><br />","iconURL":"https://old.roi4cio.com/fileadmin/user_upload/icon_DDoS_Protection_Appliance.png"}],"characteristics":[],"concurentProducts":[],"jobRoles":[],"organizationalFeatures":[],"complementaryCategories":[],"solutions":[],"materials":[],"useCases":[],"best_practices":[],"values":[],"implementations":[]},"asus-pro-b-advanced":{"id":316,"logoURL":"https://old.roi4cio.com/fileadmin/user_upload/Asus_Pro_B_Advanced.jpg","logo":true,"scheme":false,"title":"Asus Pro B Advanced","vendorVerified":0,"rating":"1.00","implementationsCount":0,"suppliersCount":0,"supplierPartnersCount":0,"alias":"asus-pro-b-advanced","companyTitle":"Asus","companyTypes":["vendor"],"companyId":2062,"companyAlias":"asus","description":"<p style=\"text-align: justify; \"><span style=\"color: rgb(23, 23, 23); font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px;\">Asus wants to meet the growing expectations of business customers with new features and more performance for the AsusPro Advanced B. The basics are covered with a ULV processor, sufficient memory and a fast SSD.</span></p>","shortDescription":"Asus Pro B Advanced is an laptop designed for enterprise, organizational, and governmental users requiring a fully managed IT environment. Offers superior endurance for better productivity, with business-class security and manageability.","type":null,"isRoiCalculatorAvaliable":false,"isConfiguratorAvaliable":false,"bonus":100,"usingCount":0,"sellingCount":0,"discontinued":0,"rebateForPoc":0,"rebate":0,"seo":{"title":"Asus Pro B Advanced","keywords":"with, Asus, Advanced, covered, basics, fast, memory, sufficient","description":"<p style=\"text-align: justify; \"><span style=\"color: rgb(23, 23, 23); font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px;\">Asus wants to meet the growing expectations of business customers with new features and more performance for the AsusPro Advanced B. The bas","og:title":"Asus Pro B Advanced","og:description":"<p style=\"text-align: justify; \"><span style=\"color: rgb(23, 23, 23); font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px;\">Asus wants to meet the growing expectations of business customers with new features and more performance for the AsusPro Advanced B. The bas","og:image":"https://old.roi4cio.com/fileadmin/user_upload/Asus_Pro_B_Advanced.jpg"},"eventUrl":"","translationId":316,"dealDetails":null,"roi":null,"price":null,"bonusForReference":null,"templateData":[],"testingArea":"","categories":[{"id":455,"title":"Portable PC","alias":"portable-pc","description":" A portable computer is a computer designed to be easily moved from one place to another and included a display and keyboard. The first commercially sold portable was the 50 pound IBM 5100, introduced 1975. The next major portables were Osborne's 24 pound CP/M-based Osborne 1 (1981) and Compaq's 28 pound 100% IBM PC compatible Compaq Portable (1983). These &quot;luggable&quot; computers lacked the next technological development, not requiring an external power source; that feature was introduced by the laptop. Laptops were followed by lighter models, so that in the 2000's mobile devices and by 2007 smartphones made the term almost meaningless. The 2010's introduced wearable computers such as smartwatches.\r\nPortable computers, by their nature, are generally microcomputers. Larger portable computers were commonly known as 'Lunchbox' or 'Luggable' computers. They are also called 'Portable Workstations' or 'Portable PCs'. In Japan they were often called 'Bentocom'. (ベントコン, Bentokon) from &quot;bento&quot;.\r\nPortable computers, more narrowly defined, are distinct from desktop replacement computers in that they usually were constructed from full-specification desktop components, and often do not incorporate features associated with laptops or mobile devices. A portable computer in this usage, versus a laptop or other mobile computing device, have a standard motherboard or backplane providing plug-in slots for add-in cards. This allows mission specific cards such as test, A/D, or communication protocol (IEEE-488, 1553) to be installed. Portable computers also provide for more disk storage by using standard disk drives and provide for multiple drives.\r\nPortable computers have been increasing in popularity over the past decade, as they do not restrict the user's mobility as a desktop computer does, and do not restrict the computer power and storage available as a laptop computer does. Wireless access to the Internet, extended battery life, and more elaborate cases permitting multiple screens and even significant RAID capacity, have contributed.","materialsDescription":"<span style=\"font-weight: bold; \">What does Portable Computer mean?</span>\r\nA Portable computer is a computer that comes with a keyboard and display and one which can be easily relocated or transported, although less convenient compared to a notebook.\r\nThey have lower specifications and are not well suited for full-time usage as they are less ergonomic. However, they take less space than desktop computers and come with most features found on a desktop. \r\n<span style=\"font-weight: bold; \">What are the advantages of portable PC?</span>\r\nAdvantages of a portable computer:\r\n<ul><li>Compared to other mobile computing device or laptop, portable computer makes use of standard motherboards and also provide plug in slots for add in cards.</li><li>Portability and flexibility to use is a definite advantage for portable computer over desktop computers.</li><li>Portable computers use less space than desktop computers and are smaller in size.</li><li>Compared to a desktop computer, the power consumed is less in case of portable computer and can help in power and cost savings.</li><li>Compared to desktop computers, immediacy is more pronounced in the case of portable computers.</li></ul>\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: bold;\">What are the disadvantages of portable PC?</span>\r\nDisadvantages of a portable computer:\r\n<ul><li>They have a lower specification than most desktop systems.</li><li>They are less ergonomic and are less suited for full-time usage in most of the cases.</li><li>Expansion is tough and any repair could prove costly.</li><li>Most of portable computers are not upgradeable.</li><li>Compared to desktop systems, they are less reliable mostly due to overheating problems and often run slower.</li></ul>","iconURL":"https://old.roi4cio.com/fileadmin/user_upload/icon_Portrable_PC.png"}],"characteristics":[],"concurentProducts":[],"jobRoles":[],"organizationalFeatures":[],"complementaryCategories":[],"solutions":[],"materials":[],"useCases":[],"best_practices":[],"values":[],"implementations":[]},"avocent-matrix-digital-high-performance-kvm-system":{"id":229,"logoURL":"https://old.roi4cio.com/fileadmin/user_upload/Avocent_Matrix_Digital_High_Performance_KVM_System.png","logo":true,"scheme":false,"title":"Avocent Matrix Digital High Performance KVM System","vendorVerified":0,"rating":"1.00","implementationsCount":0,"suppliersCount":0,"supplierPartnersCount":1,"alias":"avocent-matrix-digital-high-performance-kvm-system","companyTitle":"Emerson","companyTypes":["vendor"],"companyId":2782,"companyAlias":"emerson","description":"<span style=\"color: rgb(86, 86, 86); font-family: Arial, helvetica, sans-serif; \">The Avocent® Matrix Digital High Performance KVM system provides a highly scalable and configurable way to connect hundreds of users to thousands of servers and workstation equipment in a secure, real-time manner. By providing high definition video, audio, and exceptional USB performance is ideal for control room and user extension applications in Government, Broadcast, Post Production, Enterprise Data Centers, Industrial, and Transportation environments.</span>","shortDescription":"The Avocent® Matrix Digital High Performance KVM system provides a highly scalable and configurable way to connect hundreds of users to thousands of servers and workstation equipment in a secure, real-time manner.","type":null,"isRoiCalculatorAvaliable":false,"isConfiguratorAvaliable":false,"bonus":100,"usingCount":0,"sellingCount":0,"discontinued":0,"rebateForPoc":0,"rebate":0,"seo":{"title":"Avocent Matrix Digital High Performance KVM System","keywords":"Matrix, High, Digital, Performance, ideal, Centers, control, Industrial","description":"<span style=\"color: rgb(86, 86, 86); font-family: Arial, helvetica, sans-serif; \">The Avocent® Matrix Digital High Performance KVM system provides a highly scalable and configurable way to connect hundreds of users to thousands of servers and workstation equip","og:title":"Avocent Matrix Digital High Performance KVM System","og:description":"<span style=\"color: rgb(86, 86, 86); font-family: Arial, helvetica, sans-serif; \">The Avocent® Matrix Digital High Performance KVM system provides a highly scalable and configurable way to connect hundreds of users to thousands of servers and workstation equip","og:image":"https://old.roi4cio.com/fileadmin/user_upload/Avocent_Matrix_Digital_High_Performance_KVM_System.png"},"eventUrl":"","translationId":229,"dealDetails":null,"roi":null,"price":null,"bonusForReference":null,"templateData":[],"testingArea":"","categories":[{"id":463,"title":"KVM switch","alias":"kvm-switch","description":" A KVM switch (with KVM being an abbreviation for &quot;keyboard, video and mouse&quot;) is a hardware device that allows a user to control multiple computers from one or more sets of keyboards, video monitors, and mice. Although multiple computers are connected to the KVM, typically a smaller number of computers can be controlled at any given time. Modern devices have also added the ability to share other peripherals like USB devices and audio.\r\nBefore the mouse became relevant in server switching applications, the term Keyboard Video Switch (KVS) was used to describe keyboard and monitor switching devices. With the increased adoption of Microsoft Windows, the mouse and other I/O ports in peripheral switching became prevalent. Remigius Shatas, the founder of Cybex (a popular peripheral switch manufacturer at that time) expanded the initialism to Keyboard, Video and Mouse (KVM) in 1995. Some years later, Universal Serial Bus (USB) began to become the new industry standard for connecting computer peripherals.\r\nAs a result of the growing need to switch peripherals (such as touchscreens) in addition to the keyboard, mouse and monitor, some companies are now selling &quot;KVMP&quot; switch devices (standing for keyboard, video, mouse and peripheral).\r\nA KVM Switch is a hardware device, used in data centers, that allows the control of multiple computers from a single keyboard, monitor and mouse (KVM). This switch then allows data center personnel to connect to any server in the rack. A common example of home use is to enable the use of the full-size keyboard, mouse and monitor of the home PC with a portable device such as a laptop, tablet PC or PDA, or a computer using a different operating system.\r\nKVM switches offer different methods of connecting the computers. Depending on the product, the switch may present native connectors on the device where standard keyboard, monitor and mouse cables can be attached. Another method to have a single DB25 or similar connector that aggregated connections at the switch with three independent keyboard, monitor and mouse cables to the computers. Subsequently, these were replaced by a special KVM cable which combined the keyboard, video and mouse cables in a single wrapped extension cable. The advantage of the last approach is in the reduction of the number of cables between the KVM switch and connected computers. The disadvantage is the cost of these cables.\r\nThe method of switching from one computer to another depends on the switch. The original peripheral switches (Rose, circa 1988) used a rotary switch while active electronic switches (Cybex, circa 1990) used push buttons on the KVM device. In both cases, the KVM aligns operation between different computers and the users' keyboard, monitor and mouse (user console).\r\nIn 1992-1993, Cybex Corporation engineered keyboard hot-key commands. Today, most KVMs are controlled through non-invasive hot-key commands (e.g. Ctrl+Ctrl, Scroll Lock+Scroll Lock and the Print Screen keys). Hot-key switching is often complemented with an on-screen display system that displays a list of connected computers.\r\nKVM switches differ in the number of computers that can be connected. Traditional switching configurations range from 2 to 64 possible computers attached to a single device. Enterprise-grade devices interconnected via daisy-chained and/or cascaded methods can support a total of 512 computers equally accessed by any given user console.","materialsDescription":" <span style=\"font-weight: bold; \">What is KVM?</span>\r\nKVM is an abbreviation for Keyboard (keyboard), Video (video) and Mouse (mouse), which connect to computer ports. KVM products connected to various ports transmit or switch computer signals.\r\nConsequently, KVM is a designation of a group of technologies, not special brands or companies.\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: bold; \">What is KVM technology?</span>\r\nThe acronym KVM means keyboard, video, and mouse, and refers to computer ports. KVM equipment connects to these and other ports, from where computer signals expand or switch. In this way, KVM stands for technology, not a brand or a company.\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: bold; \">Who needs KVM?</span>\r\nKVM products can be used by anyone using computers.\r\nKVM products are used for:\r\n<ul><li><span style=\"font-weight: bold; \">Noise reduction.</span> Ability to move computers from radio studios.</li><li><span style=\"font-weight: bold; \">Save space.</span> Ability to move computers from an air traffic control tower.</li><li><span style=\"font-weight: bold; \">Protect computers from damage.</span> The ability to move computers from the test room to a secure server room.</li><li><span style=\"font-weight: bold; \">Create more ergonomic consoles.</span> The ability to avoid heat generation by moving computers.</li><li><span style=\"font-weight: bold; \">Reduce the number of peripherals.</span> Ability to control multiple computers using one monitor, keyboard and mouse.</li><li><span style=\"font-weight: bold; \">Simplification of administration.</span> The ability to facilitate maintenance and administration of computers by moving to a central server room.</li><li><span style=\"font-weight: bold; \">Create flexible working concepts.</span> The ability for users to access the computer (s) from various consoles.</li></ul>\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: bold; \">What is a KVM switch?</span>\r\nThe KVM switch connects several computers that can be controlled from a single console (monitor, keyboard, mouse).\r\nSwitching between computers is carried out through the button on the switch or using hotkeys. Depending on size, KVM switches also support OSD technology for switching between computers.\r\nFor example, Guntermann &amp; Druck offers KVM switches for DVI and VGA signals that allow the user to control from two to 64 computers.\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: bold; \">What is a KVM transmitter?</span>\r\nThe KVM transmitter transmits keyboard, video, and mouse signals to control the computer remotely.\r\nEach KVM transmission system consists of a transmitter and a receiver. The transmitter connects to the computer keyboard, video, and mouse interfaces, while the receiver connects to a remote console. Both devices are connected by one or more cables.\r\nVarious suppliers offer KVM transmitters for DVI and VGA signals, which use CAT cable (“twisted pair”) or optical fiber for transmission. Signals such as audio, RS-232, USB 1.1 or USB 2.0 can also be transmitted.\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: bold; \">What do I need to work with KVM switches?</span>\r\nDifferent KVM switches have different requirements. In most cases, all you need is a KVM switch, the required number of cables to connect all your computers, keyboard, monitor and mouse, and, in fact, the computers themselves. This is the basic configuration; more complex systems may require more components.\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: bold; \">What is a matrix KVM switch?</span>\r\nThe matrix KVM switch combines multiple transmitters and switches in one device.\r\nMultiple consoles can access multiple computers - even over long distances. Systems are mainly divided by the type of video signal transmitted. Matrix KVM switches are available for expanding DVI, VGA and other signal signals.\r\nIn addition, matrix switchers are divided into compact devices (specific device characteristics, such as the G&amp;D CompactCenter) and modular systems (such as the G&amp;D DVICenter).\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: bold; \">Why are some KVM switches so much cheaper than others?</span>\r\nAs with all products, some of them have more options. Certain switches offer equipment sharing via USB, On-Screen Display (OSD), audio support, emulation ports, multi-platform capabilities, built-in converters, and shipped with cables and power supplies. You decide whether you need these options or not.\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: bold; \">What is an OSD?</span>\r\nOSD, short for On-Screen Display, is a graphical representation of computers connected to the KVM switch, allowing you to select the computer you want without pressing the buttons on the KVM switch or using hotkeys. If you have a multi-user switch, this function can also show you which computer each user currently has access to.\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: bold; \">What is a video splitter?</span>\r\nThe video splitter allows you to split the VGA/DVI signal and display it on multiple monitors. This product also has several options. You can send these signals via a CAT5 cable or a standard VGA cable. You also have the option of transferring audio for multimedia applications.\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: bold;\">What is a remote reboot?</span>\r\nRemote reboot allows you to reboot servers from anywhere in the world using the Internet. You can do this with a simple web browser.","iconURL":"https://old.roi4cio.com/fileadmin/user_upload/icon_KVM_switch.png"}],"characteristics":[],"concurentProducts":[],"jobRoles":[],"organizationalFeatures":[],"complementaryCategories":[],"solutions":[],"materials":[],"useCases":[],"best_practices":[],"values":[],"implementations":[]},"avtor-securetoken-337f":{"id":4776,"logoURL":"https://old.roi4cio.com/fileadmin/user_upload/SecureToken-337F.png","logo":true,"scheme":false,"title":"AVTOR SecureToken-337F","vendorVerified":0,"rating":"0.00","implementationsCount":1,"suppliersCount":0,"supplierPartnersCount":0,"alias":"avtor-securetoken-337f","companyTitle":"AVTOR","companyTypes":["vendor"],"companyId":7159,"companyAlias":"avtor","description":"The <span style=\"font-weight: bold; \">SecureToken-337F</span> electronic key is two devices in one case: the Secure Token-337 electronic key and the FLASH memory with logical disks for storing any user data.\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: bold; \">“SecureToken-337F”</span> is fully compatible with the “SecureToken-337” electronic key; it is used for secure storage and use of electronic digital signature keys (EDS) of the tax service of Ukraine, keys of ACSK of state and other organizations, in banking and corporate systems, Internet banking and etc. It performs the functions of the formation and verification of a digital signature, encryption, authentication, storage of secret (key) information.\r\nSecureToken-337F can be used to store any user data with protection against unauthorized access. It supports two types of disk arrays - open and protected, with a total capacity of up to 32 GB. All data on a secure medium is stored in an encrypted form.\r\nKey storage and cryptographic operations are implemented in the NXP Semiconductors P5CC037 smart chip, which is used in SecureToken-337.\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: bold;\">SecureToken-337F</span> supports the following operating systems: Windows XP/2003/2008/Vista/7/8/10, Linux, Mac OS, Android. The SecureToken-337F electronic key is supplied with the <span style=\"font-weight: bold;\">CryptoFlash</span> software.","shortDescription":"“SecureToken-337F” is used for secure storage and use of electronic digital signature keys (EDS) of the tax services of Ukraine, keys of ACSK state and other organizations.","type":null,"isRoiCalculatorAvaliable":false,"isConfiguratorAvaliable":false,"bonus":100,"usingCount":3,"sellingCount":15,"discontinued":0,"rebateForPoc":0,"rebate":0,"seo":{"title":"AVTOR SecureToken-337F","keywords":"","description":"The <span style=\"font-weight: bold; \">SecureToken-337F</span> electronic key is two devices in one case: the Secure Token-337 electronic key and the FLASH memory with logical disks for storing any user data.\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: bold; \">“SecureToken-337F","og:title":"AVTOR SecureToken-337F","og:description":"The <span style=\"font-weight: bold; \">SecureToken-337F</span> electronic key is two devices in one case: the Secure Token-337 electronic key and the FLASH memory with logical disks for storing any user data.\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: bold; \">“SecureToken-337F","og:image":"https://old.roi4cio.com/fileadmin/user_upload/SecureToken-337F.png"},"eventUrl":"","translationId":4777,"dealDetails":null,"roi":null,"price":null,"bonusForReference":null,"templateData":[],"testingArea":"","categories":[{"id":540,"title":"Security Hardware","alias":"security-hardware","description":"Hardware security as a discipline originated out of cryptographic engineering and involves hardware design, access control, secure multi-party computation, secure key storage, ensuring code authenticity and measures to ensure that the supply chain that built the product is secure, among other things.\r\nA hardware security module (HSM) is a physical computing device that safeguards and manages digital keys for strong authentication and provides cryptoprocessing. These modules traditionally come in the form of a plug-in card or an external device that attaches directly to a computer or network server.\r\nSome providers in this discipline consider that the key difference between hardware security and software security is that hardware security is implemented using &quot;non-Turing-machine&quot; logic (raw combinatorial logic or simple state machines). One approach, referred to as &quot;hardsec&quot;, uses FPGAs to implement non-Turing-machine security controls as a way of combining the security of hardware with the flexibility of software.\r\nHardware backdoors are backdoors in hardware. Conceptionally related, a hardware Trojan (HT) is a malicious modification of an electronic system, particularly in the context of an integrated circuit.\r\nA physical unclonable function (PUF) is a physical entity that is embodied in a physical structure and is easy to evaluate but hard to predict. Further, an individual PUF device must be easy to make but practically impossible to duplicate, even given the exact manufacturing process that produced it. In this respect, it is the hardware analog of a one-way function. The name &quot;physically unclonable function&quot; might be a little misleading as some PUFs are clonable, and most PUFs are noisy and therefore do not achieve the requirements for a function. Today, PUFs are usually implemented in integrated circuits and are typically used in applications with high-security requirements.\r\nMany attacks on sensitive data and resources reported by organizations occur from within the organization itself.","materialsDescription":"<span style=\"font-weight: bold;\">What is hardware information security?</span>\r\nHardware means various types of devices (mechanical, electromechanical, electronic, etc.), which solve information protection problems with hardware. They impede access to information, including through its disguise. The hardware includes: noise generators, surge protectors, scanning radios and many other devices that &quot;block&quot; potential channels of information leakage or allow them to be detected. The advantages of technical means are related to their reliability, independence from subjective factors and high resistance to modification. The weaknesses include a lack of flexibility, relatively large volume and mass and high cost. The hardware for information protection includes the most diverse technical structures in terms of operation, device and capabilities, which ensure the suppression of disclosure, protection against leakage and counteraction to unauthorized access to sources of confidential information.\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: bold;\">Where is the hardware used to protect information?</span>\r\nHardware information protection is used to solve the following problems:\r\n<ul><li>conducting special studies of technical means of ensuring production activity for the presence of possible channels of information leakage;</li><li>identification of information leakage channels at various objects and in premises;</li><li>localization of information leakage channels;</li><li>search and detection of industrial espionage tools;</li><li>countering unauthorized access to confidential information sources and other actions.</li></ul>\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: bold;\">What is the classification of information security hardware?</span>\r\nAccording to the functional purpose, the hardware can be classified into detection tools, search tools and detailed measurements and active and passive countermeasures. At the same time, according to their technical capabilities, information protection tools can be general-purpose, designed for use by non-professionals in order to obtain preliminary (general) estimates, and professional complexes that allow for a thorough search, detection and precision measurement of all the characteristics of industrial espionage equipment. As an example of the former, we can consider a group of IP electromagnetic radiation indicators, which have a wide range of received signals and rather low sensitivity. As a second example - a complex for the detection and direction finding of radio bookmarks, designed to automatically detect and locate radio transmitters, radio microphones, telephone bookmarks and network radio transmitters.<br /><br />","iconURL":"https://old.roi4cio.com/fileadmin/user_upload/icon_Security_Hardware.png"}],"characteristics":[],"concurentProducts":[],"jobRoles":[],"organizationalFeatures":[],"complementaryCategories":[],"solutions":[],"materials":[],"useCases":[],"best_practices":[],"values":[],"implementations":[]},"aws-snowball-edge":{"id":3557,"logoURL":"https://old.roi4cio.com/fileadmin/user_upload/aws.png","logo":true,"scheme":false,"title":"AWS Snowball Edge","vendorVerified":0,"rating":"2.40","implementationsCount":1,"suppliersCount":0,"supplierPartnersCount":4,"alias":"aws-snowball-edge","companyTitle":"Amazon Web Services","companyTypes":["supplier","vendor"],"companyId":176,"companyAlias":"amazon-web-services","description":"AWS Snowball Edge is a data migration and edge computing device that comes in two options. Snowball Edge Storage Optimized provides both block storage and Amazon S3-compatible object storage, and 24 vCPUs. It is well suited for local storage and large scale-data transfer. Snowball Edge Compute Optimized provides 52 vCPUs, block and object storage, and an optional GPU for use cases such as advanced machine learning and full motion video analysis in disconnected environments. Customers can use these two options for data collection, machine learning and processing, and storage in environments with intermittent connectivity (such as manufacturing, industrial, and transportation) or in extremely remote locations (such as military or maritime operations) before shipping it back to AWS. These devices may also be rack mounted and clustered together to build larger, temporary installations.\r\nSnowball Edge supports specific Amazon EC2 instance types as well as AWS Lambda functions, so customers may develop and test in AWS then deploy applications on devices in remote locations to collect, pre-process, and return the data. Common use cases include data migration, data transport, image collation, IoT sensor stream capture, and machine learning.\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: bold;\">BENEFITS</span>\r\nEASY DATA MOVEMENT\r\nSnowball Edge moves terabytes of data in about a week. Customers use it to move things like databases, backups, archives, healthcare records, analytics datasets, IoT sensor data and media content, especially when network conditions prevent realistic timelines for transferring large amounts of data both into and out of AWS.\r\nSIMPLE TO USE\r\nJobs are created in the AWS Management Console. Once a job is created, AWS automatically ships a pre-provisioned Snowball Edge device to your location. When you receive the device, simply attach it to your local network and connect your applications. Once the device is ready to be returned, the E Ink shipping label automatically updates and your freight carrier transports it to the correct AWS facility where the upload begins. Job status can be tracked via Amazon SNS generated text or email messages or directly in the Console.\r\nPROCESS &amp; ANALYZE DATA LOCALLY\r\nRun EC2 AMIs and deploy AWS Lambda code on Snowball Edge to run local processing or analysis with machine learning or other applications. Developers and administrators can run applications directly on the device as a consistent AWS environment without network connectivity. This capability helps customers develop their machine learning and analysis tools and test them in the cloud but operate them in locations with limited or non-existent network connections before shipping the data back to AWS. Snowball Edge can capture the data from the remote site and any additional unrecognized data so the machine learning models can be refined and propagated.\r\nSTAND-ALONE STORAGE\r\nSnowball Edge devices can provide local storage to existing on-premises applications through a file sharing protocol (NFS) or object storage interface (the S3 API). Additionally, you can use on-board block storage volumes for applications running on Amazon EC2 instances on the Snowball Edge. You can also cluster Snowball Edge devices together into a single, larger, storage tier with increased durability. If a Snowball Edge needs to be replaced, it can be removed from the cluster and replaced with a new Snowball Edge.\r\nSECURE\r\nSnowball Edge devices use tamper-evident enclosures, 256-bit encryption, and industry-standard Trusted Platform Modules (TPM) designed to ensure both security and full chain-of-custody for your data. Encryption keys are managed with the AWS Key Management Service (KMS) and they are never stored on the device.\r\nSCALABLE\r\nSnowball Edge devices can transport multiple terabytes of data and multiple devices can be used in parallel or clustered together to transfer petabytes of data into or out of AWS. Snowball Edge is currently available in select regions and your location will be verified once you create a job in the AWS Management Console.","shortDescription":"AWS Snowball Edge – Petabyte-scale data transport with on-board storage and compute capabilities","type":null,"isRoiCalculatorAvaliable":false,"isConfiguratorAvaliable":false,"bonus":100,"usingCount":0,"sellingCount":0,"discontinued":0,"rebateForPoc":0,"rebate":0,"seo":{"title":"AWS Snowball Edge","keywords":"","description":"AWS Snowball Edge is a data migration and edge computing device that comes in two options. Snowball Edge Storage Optimized provides both block storage and Amazon S3-compatible object storage, and 24 vCPUs. It is well suited for local storage and large scale-da","og:title":"AWS Snowball Edge","og:description":"AWS Snowball Edge is a data migration and edge computing device that comes in two options. Snowball Edge Storage Optimized provides both block storage and Amazon S3-compatible object storage, and 24 vCPUs. It is well suited for local storage and large scale-da","og:image":"https://old.roi4cio.com/fileadmin/user_upload/aws.png"},"eventUrl":"","translationId":3557,"dealDetails":null,"roi":null,"price":null,"bonusForReference":null,"templateData":[],"testingArea":"","categories":[{"id":513,"title":"Networking","alias":"networking","description":" Networking hardware, also known as network equipment or computer networking devices, are electronic devices which are required for communication and interaction between devices on a computer network. Specifically, they mediate data transmission in a computer network. Units which are the last receiver or generate data are called hosts or data terminal equipment.\r\nNetworking devices may include gateways, routers, network bridges, modems, wireless access points, networking cables, line drivers, switches, hubs, and repeaters; and may also include hybrid network devices such as multilayer switches, protocol converters, bridge routers, proxy servers, firewalls, network address translators, multiplexers, network interface controllers, wireless network interface controllers, ISDN terminal adapters and other related hardware.\r\nThe most common kind of networking hardware today is a copper-based Ethernet adapter which is a standard inclusion on most modern computer systems. Wireless networking has become increasingly popular, especially for portable and handheld devices.\r\nOther networking hardware used in computers includes data center equipment (such as file servers, database servers and storage areas), network services (such as DNS, DHCP, email, etc.) as well as devices which assure content delivery.\r\nTaking a wider view, mobile phones, tablet computers and devices associated with the internet of things may also be considered networking hardware. As technology advances and IP-based networks are integrated into building infrastructure and household utilities, network hardware will become an ambiguous term owing to the vastly increasing number of network capable endpoints.","materialsDescription":" <span style=\"font-weight: bold;\">What is network equipment?</span>\r\nNetwork equipment - devices necessary for the operation of a computer network, for example: a router, switch, hub, patch panel, etc. You can distinguish between active and passive network equipment.\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: bold;\">What is an active network equipment?</span>\r\nActive networking equipment is equipment followed by some “smart” feature. That is, a router, switch (switch), etc. are active network equipment.\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: bold;\">What is passive network equipment?</span>\r\nPassive network equipment - equipment not endowed with &quot;intellectual&quot; features. For example - cable system: cable (coaxial and twisted pair (UTP/STP)), plug / socket (RG58, RJ45, RJ11, GG45), repeater (repeater), patch panel, hub (hub), balun (balun) for coaxial cables (RG-58), etc. Also, passive equipment can include mounting cabinets and racks, telecommunication cabinets.\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: bold;\">What are the main network components?</span>\r\nThe main components of the network are workstations, servers, transmission media (cables) and network equipment.\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: bold;\">What are workstations?</span>\r\nWorkstations are network computers where network users implement application tasks.\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: bold;\">What are network servers?</span>\r\nNetwork servers - hardware and software systems that perform the functions of controlling the distribution of network shared resources. A server can be any computer connected to the network on which the resources used by other devices on the local network are located. As the server hardware, fairly powerful computers are used.","iconURL":"https://old.roi4cio.com/fileadmin/user_upload/icon_Networking.png"}],"characteristics":[],"concurentProducts":[],"jobRoles":[],"organizationalFeatures":[],"complementaryCategories":[],"solutions":[],"materials":[],"useCases":[],"best_practices":[],"values":[],"implementations":[]},"aws-waf":{"id":1621,"logoURL":"https://old.roi4cio.com/fileadmin/user_upload/Amazon_WorkSpaces.png","logo":true,"scheme":false,"title":"AWS WAF - Web Application Firewall","vendorVerified":0,"rating":"2.00","implementationsCount":0,"suppliersCount":0,"supplierPartnersCount":4,"alias":"aws-waf","companyTitle":"Amazon Web Services","companyTypes":["supplier","vendor"],"companyId":176,"companyAlias":"amazon-web-services","description":"AWS WAF is a web application firewall that helps protect your web applications from common web exploits that could affect application availability, compromise security, or consume excessive resources. AWS WAF gives you control over which traffic to allow or block to your web applications by defining customizable web security rules. You can use AWS WAF to create custom rules that block common attack patterns, such as SQL injection or cross-site scripting, and rules that are designed for your specific application. New rules can be deployed within minutes, letting you respond quickly to changing traffic patterns. Also, AWS WAF includes a full-featured API that you can use to automate the creation, deployment, and maintenance of web security rules.\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: bold;\">BENEFITS</span>\r\nINCREASED PROTECTION AGAINST WEB ATTACKS\r\nAWS WAF protects web applications from attacks by filtering traffic based on rules that you create. For example, you can filter web requests based on IP addresses, HTTP headers, HTTP body, or URI strings, which allows you to block common attack patterns, such as SQL injection or cross-site scripting.\r\nSECURITY INTEGRATED WITH HOW YOU DEVELOP APPLICATIONS\r\nEvery feature in AWS WAF can be configured using either the AWS WAF API or the AWS Management Console. This allows you to define application-specific rules that increase web security as you develop your application. This lets you put web security at multiple points in the development chain, from the hands of the developer initially writing code, to the DevOps engineer deploying software, to the security experts conducting an audit.\r\nEASE OF DEPLOYMENT &amp; MAINTENANCE\r\nAWS WAF is easy to deploy and protect application(s) deployed on either Amazon CloudFront as part of your CDN solution, the Application Load Balancer that fronts all your origin servers, or Amazon API Gateway for your APIs. There is no additional software to deploy except to enable AWS WAF on the right resource. You can centrally define your rules, and reuse them across all the web applications that you need to protect.\r\nIMPROVED WEB TRAFFIC VISIBILITY\r\nYou can set up AWS WAF to just monitor requests that match your filter criteria. AWS WAF gives near real-time visibility into your web traffic, which you can use to create new rules or alerts in Amazon CloudWatch.\r\nCOST EFFECTIVE WEB APPLICATION PROTECTION\r\nWith AWS WAF you pay only for what you use. AWS WAF provides a customizable, self-service offering, and pricing is based on how many rules you deploy and how many web requests your web application receives. There are no minimum fees and no upfront commitments.\r\nENHANCED SECURITY WITH MANAGED RULES\r\nWith Managed Rules for AWS WAF, you can quickly get started and protect your web application or APIs against common threats such as OWASP Top 10 security risks, threats specific to Content Management Systems (CMS), or emerging Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures (CVE). AWS security sellers will automatically update the managed rules for you as new exploits and bad actors emerge, so that you can spend more time building rather than managing security rules.<br /><br /><br />&nbsp;","shortDescription":"AWS WAF is a web application firewall that helps protect your web applications from common web exploits that could affect application availability, compromise security, or consume excessive resources.","type":null,"isRoiCalculatorAvaliable":false,"isConfiguratorAvaliable":true,"bonus":100,"usingCount":0,"sellingCount":0,"discontinued":0,"rebateForPoc":0,"rebate":0,"seo":{"title":"AWS WAF - Web Application Firewall","keywords":"","description":"AWS WAF is a web application firewall that helps protect your web applications from common web exploits that could affect application availability, compromise security, or consume excessive resources. AWS WAF gives you control over which traffic to allow or bl","og:title":"AWS WAF - Web Application Firewall","og:description":"AWS WAF is a web application firewall that helps protect your web applications from common web exploits that could affect application availability, compromise security, or consume excessive resources. AWS WAF gives you control over which traffic to allow or bl","og:image":"https://old.roi4cio.com/fileadmin/user_upload/Amazon_WorkSpaces.png"},"eventUrl":"","translationId":1621,"dealDetails":null,"roi":null,"price":null,"bonusForReference":null,"templateData":[{"id":19,"title":"WAF - Web Application Firewall"}],"testingArea":"","categories":[{"id":546,"title":"WAF-web application firewall appliance","alias":"waf-web-application-firewall-appliance","description":"A web application firewall is a special type of application firewall that applies specifically to web applications. It is deployed in front of web applications and analyzes bi-directional web-based (HTTP) traffic - detecting and blocking anything malicious. The OWASP provides a broad technical definition for a WAF as “a security solution on the web application level which - from a technical point of view - does not depend on the application itself.” According to the PCI DSS Information Supplement for requirement 6.6, a WAF is defined as “a security policy enforcement point positioned between a web application and the client endpoint. This functionality can be implemented in hardware, running in an appliance device, or in a typical server running a common operating system. It may be a stand-alone device or integrated into other network components.” In other words, a WAF can be a physical appliance that prevents vulnerabilities in web applications from being exploited by outside threats. These vulnerabilities may be because the application itself is a legacy type or it was insufficiently coded by design. The WAF addresses these code shortcomings by special configurations of rule sets, also known as policies.\r\nPreviously unknown vulnerabilities can be discovered through penetration testing or via a vulnerability scanner. A web application vulnerability scanner, also known as a web application security scanner, is defined in the SAMATE NIST 500-269 as “an automated program that examines web applications for potential security vulnerabilities. In addition to searching for web application-specific vulnerabilities, the tools also look for software coding errors.” Resolving vulnerabilities is commonly referred to as remediation. Corrections to the code can be made in the application but typically a more prompt response is necessary. In these situations, the application of a custom policy for a unique web application vulnerability to provide a temporary but immediate fix (known as a virtual patch) may be necessary.\r\nWAFs are not an ultimate security solution, rather they are meant to be used in conjunction with other network perimeter security solutions such as network firewalls and intrusion prevention systems to provide a holistic defense strategy.\r\nWAFs typically follow a positive security model, a negative security model, or a combination of both as mentioned by the SANS Institute. WAFs use a combination of rule-based logic, parsing, and signatures to detect and prevent attacks such as cross-site scripting and SQL injection. The OWASP produces a list of the top ten web application security flaws. All commercial WAF offerings cover these ten flaws at a minimum. There are non-commercial options as well. As mentioned earlier, the well-known open source WAF engine called ModSecurity is one of these options. A WAF engine alone is insufficient to provide adequate protection, therefore OWASP along with Trustwave's Spiderlabs help organize and maintain a Core-Rule Set via GitHub to use with the ModSecurity WAF engine.","materialsDescription":"A Web Application Firewall or WAF provides security for online services from malicious Internet traffic. WAFs detect and filter out threats such as the OWASP Top 10, which could degrade, compromise or bring down online applications.\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: bold;\">What are Web Application Firewalls?</span>\r\nWeb application firewalls assist load balancing by examining HTTP traffic before it reaches the application server. They also protect against web application vulnerability and unauthorized transfer of data from the web server at a time when security breaches are on the rise. According to the Verizon Data Breach Investigations Report, web application attacks were the most prevalent breaches in 2017 and 2018.\r\nThe PCI Security Standards Council defines a web application firewall as “a security policy enforcement point positioned between a web application and the client endpoint. This functionality can be implemented in software or hardware, running in an appliance device, or in a typical server running a common operating system. It may be a stand-alone device or integrated into other network components.”\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: bold;\">How does a Web Application Firewall wWork?</span>\r\nA web application firewall (WAF) intercepts and inspects all HTTP requests using a security model based on a set of customized policies to weed out bogus traffic. WAFs block bad traffic outright or can challenge a visitor with a CAPTCHA test that humans can pass but a malicious bot or computer program cannot.\r\nWAFs follow rules or policies customized to specific vulnerabilities. As a result, this is how WAFs prevent DDoS attacks. Creating the rules on a traditional WAF can be complex and require expert administration. The Open Web Application Security Project maintains a list of the OWASP top web application security flaws for WAF policies to address.\r\nWAFs come in the form of hardware appliances, server-side software, or filter traffic as-a-service. WAFs can be considered as reverse proxies i.e. the opposite of a proxy server. Proxy servers protect devices from malicious applications, while WAFs protect web applications from malicious endpoints.\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: bold;\">What Are Some Web Application Firewall Benefits?</span>\r\nA web application firewall (WAF) prevents attacks that try to take advantage of the vulnerabilities in web-based applications. The vulnerabilities are common in legacy applications or applications with poor coding or designs. WAFs handle the code deficiencies with custom rules or policies.\r\nIntelligent WAFs provide real-time insights into application traffic, performance, security and threat landscape. This visibility gives administrators the flexibility to respond to the most sophisticated attacks on protected applications.\r\nWhen the Open Web Application Security Project identifies the OWASP top vulnerabilities, WAFs allow administrators to create custom security rules to combat the list of potential attack methods. An intelligent WAF analyzes the security rules matching a particular transaction and provides a real-time view as attack patterns evolve. Based on this intelligence, the WAF can reduce false positives.\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: bold;\">What Is the Difference Between a Firewall and a Web Application Firewall?</span>\r\nA traditional firewall protects the flow of information between servers while a web application firewall is able to filter traffic for a specific web application. Network firewalls and web application firewalls are complementary and can work together.\r\nTraditional security methods include network firewalls, intrusion detection systems (IDS) and intrusion prevention systems (IPS). They are effective at blocking bad L3-L4 traffic at the perimeter on the lower end (L3-L4) of the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model. Traditional firewalls cannot detect attacks in web applications because they do not understand Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) which occurs at layer 7 of the OSI model. They also only allow the port that sends and receives requested web pages from an HTTP server to be open or closed. This is why web application firewalls are effective for preventing attacks like SQL injections, session hijacking and Cross-Site Scripting (XSS).\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: bold;\">When Should You Use a Web Application Firewall?</span>\r\nAny business that uses a website to generate revenue should use a web application firewall to protect business data and services. Organizations that use online vendors should especially deploy web application firewalls because the security of outside groups cannot be controlled or trusted.\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: bold;\">How Do You Use a Web Application Firewall?</span>\r\nA web application firewall requires correct positioning, configuration, administration and monitoring. Web application firewall installation must include the following four steps: secure, monitor, test and improve. This should be a continuous process to ensure application specific protection.<br />The configuration of the firewall should be determined by the business rules and guardrails by the company’s security policy. This approach will allow the rules and filters in the web application firewall to define themselves.","iconURL":"https://old.roi4cio.com/fileadmin/user_upload/icon_WAF_web_application_firewall_appliance.png"},{"id":481,"title":"WAF-web application firewall","alias":"waf-web-application-firewall","description":"A <span style=\"font-weight: bold; \">WAF (Web Application Firewall)</span> helps protect web applications by filtering and monitoring HTTP traffic between a web application and the Internet. It typically protects web applications from attacks such as cross-site forgery, cross-site-scripting (XSS), file inclusion, and SQL injection, among others. A WAF is a protocol layer 7 defense (in the OSI model), and is not designed to defend against all types of attacks. This method of attack mitigation is usually part of a suite of tools which together create a holistic defense against a range of attack vectors.\r\nIn recent years, web application security has become increasingly important, especially after web application attacks ranked as the most common reason for breaches, as reported in the Verizon Data Breach Investigations Report. WAFs have become a critical component of web application security, and guard against web application vulnerabilities while providing the ability to customize the security rules for each application. As WAF is inline with traffic, some functions are conveniently implemented by a load balancer.\r\nAccording to the PCI Security Standards Council, WAFs function as “a security policy enforcement point positioned between a web application and the client endpoint. This functionality can be implemented in software or hardware, running in an appliance device, or in a typical server running a common operating system. It may be a stand-alone device or integrated into other network components.”\r\nBy deploying a WAF firewall in front of a web application, a shield is placed between the web application and the Internet. While a proxy server protects a client machine’s identity by using an intermediary, a web firewall is a type of reverse-proxy, protecting the server from exposure by having clients pass through the WAF before reaching the server.\r\nA WAF operates through a set of rules often called <span style=\"font-weight: bold; \">policies.</span> These policies aim to protect against vulnerabilities in the application by filtering out malicious traffic. The value of a WAF management comes in part from the speed and ease with which policy modification can be implemented, allowing for faster response to varying attack vectors; during a DDoS attack, rate limiting can be quickly implemented by modifying WAF policies.\r\nWAF solutions can be deployed in several ways—it all depends on where your applications are deployed, the services needed, how you want to manage it, and the level of architectural flexibility and performance you require. Do you want to manage it yourself, or do you want to outsource that management? Is it a better model to have a cloud WAF service, option or do you want your WAF to sit on-premises?\r\n<p class=\"align-center\"><span style=\"font-weight: bold; \">A WAF products can be implemented one of three different ways:</span></p>\r\n<ul><li><span style=\"font-weight: bold; \">A network-based WAF</span> is generally hardware-based. Since they are installed locally they minimize latency, but network-based WAFs are the most expensive option and also require the storage and maintenance of physical equipment.</li><li><span style=\"font-weight: bold; \">A host-based WAF</span> may be fully integrated into an application’s software. This solution is less expensive than a network-based WAF and offers more customizability. The downside of a host-based WAF is the consumption of local server resources, implementation complexity, and maintenance costs. These components typically require engineering time, and may be costly.</li><li><span style=\"font-weight: bold; \">Cloud-based WAFs</span> offer an affordable option that is very easy to implement; they usually offer a turnkey installation that is as simple as a change in DNS to redirect traffic. Cloud-based WAFs also have a minimal upfront cost, as users pay monthly or annually for security as a service. Cloud-based WAFs can also offer a solution that is consistently updated to protect against the newest threats without any additional work or cost on the user’s end. The drawback of a cloud-based WAF is that users hand over the responsibility to a third-party, therefore some features of the WAF may be a black box to them. </li></ul>\r\n<p class=\"align-left\">&nbsp;</p>\r\n\r\n","materialsDescription":"<p class=\"align-center\"><span style=\"color: rgb(97, 97, 97); \"><span style=\"font-weight: bold; \">What types of attack WAF prevents?</span></span></p>\r\n<p class=\"align-left\"><span style=\"color: rgb(97, 97, 97); \">WAFs can prevent many attacks, including:</span></p>\r\n<ul><li><span style=\"color: rgb(97, 97, 97); \">Cross-site Scripting (XSS) — Attackers inject client-side scripts into web pages viewed by other users.</span></li><li><span style=\"color: rgb(97, 97, 97); \">SQL injection — Malicious code is inserted or injected into an web entry field that allows attackers to compromise the application and underlying systems.</span></li><li><span style=\"color: rgb(97, 97, 97); \">Cookie poisoning — Modification of a cookie to gain unauthorized information about the user for purposes such as identity theft.</span></li><li><span style=\"color: rgb(97, 97, 97); \">Unvalidated input — Attackers tamper with HTTP request (including the url, headers and form fields) to bypass the site’s security mechanisms.</span></li><li><span style=\"color: rgb(97, 97, 97); \">Layer 7 DoS — An HTTP flood attack that utilizes valid requests in typical URL data retrievals.</span></li><li><span style=\"color: rgb(97, 97, 97); \">Web scraping — Data scraping used for extracting data from websites.</span><span style=\"font-weight: bold; \"></span></li></ul>\r\n<p class=\"align-center\"><span style=\"font-weight: bold; \">What are some WAFs Benefits?</span></p>\r\nWeb app firewall prevents attacks that try to take advantage of the vulnerabilities in web-based applications. The vulnerabilities are common in legacy applications or applications with poor coding or designs. WAFs handle the code deficiencies with custom rules or policies.\r\nIntelligent WAFs provide real-time insights into application traffic, performance, security and threat landscape. This visibility gives administrators the flexibility to respond to the most sophisticated attacks on protected applications.\r\nWhen the Open Web Application Security Project identifies the OWASP top vulnerabilities, WAFs allow administrators to create custom security rules to combat the list of potential attack methods. An intelligent WAF analyzes the security rules matching a particular transaction and provides a real-time view as attack patterns evolve. Based on this intelligence, the WAF can reduce false positives.\r\n<p class=\"align-center\"><span style=\"font-weight: bold; \">What is the difference between a firewall and a Web Application Firewall?</span></p>\r\nA traditional firewall protects the flow of information between servers while a web application firewall is able to filter traffic for a specific web application. Network firewalls and web application firewalls are complementary and can work together.\r\nTraditional security methods include network firewalls, intrusion detection systems (IDS) and intrusion prevention systems (IPS). They are effective at blocking bad L3-L4 traffic at the perimeter on the lower end (L3-L4) of the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model. Traditional firewalls cannot detect attacks in web applications because they do not understand Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) which occurs at layer 7 of the OSI model. They also only allow the port that sends and receives requested web pages from an HTTP server to be open or closed. This is why web application firewalls are effective for preventing attacks like SQL injections, session hijacking and Cross-Site Scripting (XSS).","iconURL":"https://old.roi4cio.com/fileadmin/user_upload/icon_WAF_web_application_firewall.png"}],"characteristics":[],"concurentProducts":[],"jobRoles":[],"organizationalFeatures":[],"complementaryCategories":[],"solutions":[],"materials":[],"useCases":[],"best_practices":[],"values":[],"implementations":[]},"axis-f":{"id":206,"logoURL":"https://old.roi4cio.com/fileadmin/user_upload/AXIS_F.png","logo":true,"scheme":false,"title":"AXIS F","vendorVerified":0,"rating":"1.40","implementationsCount":0,"suppliersCount":0,"supplierPartnersCount":3,"alias":"axis-f","companyTitle":"Axis","companyTypes":["vendor"],"companyId":2751,"companyAlias":"axis","description":"AXIS F Series - Flexible cameras that let you see more\r\n\r\nFlexible, rugged, discreet design\r\n1-channel and 4-channel main units\r\nChoice of indoor, outdoor, standard, varifocal, pinhole, fisheye and dome sensor units\r\nWide Dynamic Range and Axis’ Zipstream technology\r\nTwo-way audio, input/output ports\r\nLocal storage, PoE, 8-28 V DC\r\nAXIS F Series\r\n\r\nDiscreet cameras for wide application\r\nAXIS F Series offers flexible, high-performance HDTV cameras for extremely discreet indoor, outdoor and in-vehicle surveillance applications. They are ideal for ATMs (automated teller machines), banks, stores, hotels, as well as rugged environments such as emergency vehicles, buses, trams and trucks.\r\n\r\nDivided concept\r\nAXIS F Series is based on a divided network camera concept, where the camera is split into a sensor unit—made up of a lens and image sensor with a cable—and a main unit, which is the body of a camera. The divided concept enables flexibility in the choice of hardware, as well as in the installation. The small sensor unit can be installed discreetly in tight places, while the long cable from the sensor unit to the main unit provides the flexibility to place the main unit where there is space. The main or sensor unit can be easily relocated or changed after the initial installation, giving users additional flexibility.&nbsp;\r\n\r\nWide selection\r\nAXIS F Series comprises one-channel AXIS F41 Main Unit, four-channel AXIS F34 and AXIS F44 Main Units, and AXIS F Sensor Units with different lens types, form factors and price points. The series also includes AXIS F34 Surveillance System, a complete hardware and software solution aimed at small stores and offices.\r\n\r\nWith the exception of AXIS F34 Surveillance System, AXIS F main units and sensor units are sold separately to give customers the ability to put together the hardware features that best suit the application.\r\nBuild your own camera system\r\nClick on the numbers at right to read more about the different components.\r\n\r\nMain unit\r\nThe main unit houses the processor, network, power and other connections. It determines, among other things, the video streaming performance, the image settings available (such as wide dynamic range), and analytics.\r\nOne-channel and four-channel main units are available. When there are up to four closely situated surveillance areas to be covered, the four-channel main units are cost-effective solutions as they can stream videos from four sensor units simultaneously.","shortDescription":"AXIS F Series offers flexible, high-performance HDTV cameras for extremely discreet indoor, outdoor and in-vehicle surveillance applications.","type":null,"isRoiCalculatorAvaliable":false,"isConfiguratorAvaliable":false,"bonus":100,"usingCount":0,"sellingCount":0,"discontinued":0,"rebateForPoc":0,"rebate":0,"seo":{"title":"AXIS F","keywords":"AXIS, main, unit, sensor, units, Series, camera, concept","description":"AXIS F Series - Flexible cameras that let you see more\r\n\r\nFlexible, rugged, discreet design\r\n1-channel and 4-channel main units\r\nChoice of indoor, outdoor, standard, varifocal, pinhole, fisheye and dome sensor units\r\nWide Dynamic Range and Axis’ Zipstream tech","og:title":"AXIS F","og:description":"AXIS F Series - Flexible cameras that let you see more\r\n\r\nFlexible, rugged, discreet design\r\n1-channel and 4-channel main units\r\nChoice of indoor, outdoor, standard, varifocal, pinhole, fisheye and dome sensor units\r\nWide Dynamic Range and Axis’ Zipstream tech","og:image":"https://old.roi4cio.com/fileadmin/user_upload/AXIS_F.png"},"eventUrl":"","translationId":206,"dealDetails":null,"roi":null,"price":null,"bonusForReference":null,"templateData":[],"testingArea":"","categories":[{"id":48,"title":"CCTV - Closed-circuit television","alias":"cctv-closed-circuit-television","description":"CCTV (closed-circuit television) is a TV system in which signals are not publicly distributed but are monitored, primarily for surveillance and security purposes.\r\nCCTV relies on strategic placement of cameras, and observation of the camera's input on monitors somewhere. Because the cameras communicate with monitors and/or video recorders across private coaxial cable runs or wireless communication links, they gain the designation &quot;closed-circuit&quot; to indicate that access to their content is limited by design only to those able to see it.\r\nOlder CCTV systems used small, low-resolution black and white monitors with no interactive capabilities. Modern CCTV displays can be color, high-resolution displays and can include the ability to zoom in on an image or track something (or someone) among their features. Talk CCTV allows an overseer to speak to people within range of the camera's associated speakers.\r\nCCTV is commonly used for a variety of purposes, including:\r\n<ul><li>Maintaining perimeter security in medium- to high-secure areas and installations.</li><li>Observing the behavior of incarcerated inmates and potentially dangerous patients in medical facilities.</li><li>Traffic monitoring.</li><li>Overseeing locations that would be hazardous to a human, for example, highly radioactive or toxic industrial environments.</li><li>Building and grounds security.</li><li>Obtaining a visual record of activities in situations where it is necessary to maintain proper security or access controls (for example, in a diamond cutting or sorting operation; in banks, casinos, or airports).</li></ul>\r\nCCTV is finding increasing use in law-enforcement, for everything from traffic observation (and automated ticketing) to an observation of high-crime areas or neighborhoods. Such use of CCTV technology has fueled privacy concerns in many parts of the world, particularly in those areas in the UK and Europe where it has become a routine part of police procedure.","materialsDescription":" <span style=\"text-decoration: underline; \"><span style=\"font-weight: bold; \">Uses</span></span>\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: bold; \">Crime prevention</span>\r\nA 2009 systematic review by researchers from Northeastern University and University of Cambridge used meta-analytic techniques to pool the average effect of CCTV on crime across 41 different studies. The results indicated that\r\n<ul><li>CCTV caused a significant reduction of crime by on average 16%.</li><li>The largest effects of CCTV were found in car parks, where cameras reduced crime by on average 51%.</li><li>CCTV schemes in other public settings had small and non-statistically significant effects on crime: 7% reduction in city and town centers and 23% reduction in public transport settings.</li><li>When sorted by country, systems in the United Kingdom accounted for the majority of the decrease; the drop in other areas was insignificant.</li></ul>\r\nThe studies included in the meta-analysis used quasi-experimental evaluation designs that involve before-and-after measures of crime in experimental and control areas. However, several researchers have pointed to methodological problems associated with this research literature. First, researchers have argued that the British car park studies included in the meta-analysis cannot accurately control for the fact that CCTV was introduced simultaneously with a range of other security-related measures. Second, some have noted that, in many of the studies, there may be issues with selection bias since the introduction of CCTV was potentially endogenous to previous crime trends.[30] In particular, the estimated effects may be biased if CCTV is introduced in response to crime trends.\r\nIt has been argued that problems of selection bias and endogeneity can be addressed by stronger research designs such as randomized controlled trials and natural experiments. A 2017 review published in Journal of Scandinavian Studies in Criminology and Crime Prevention compiles seven studies that use such research designs. The studies included in the review found that CCTV reduced crime by 24-28% in public streets and urban subway stations. It also found that CCTV could decrease unruly behaviour in football stadiums and theft in supermarkets/mass merchant stores. However, there was no evidence of CCTV having desirable effects in parking facilities or suburban subway stations. Furthermore, the review indicates that CCTV is more effective in preventing property crimes than in violent crimes.\r\nAnother question in the effectiveness of CCTV for policing is around uptime of the system; in 2013 City of Philadelphia Auditor found that the $15M system was operational only 32% of the time. There is still much research to be done to determine the effectiveness of CCTV cameras on crime prevention before any conclusions can be drawn.\r\nThere is strong anecdotal evidence that CCTV aids in detection and conviction of offenders; indeed UK police forces routinely seek CCTV recordings after crimes. Moreover, CCTV has played a crucial role in tracing the movements of suspects or victims and is widely regarded by antiterrorist officers as a fundamental tool in tracking terrorist suspects. Large-scale CCTV installations have played a key part of the defences against terrorism since the 1970s. Cameras have also been installed on public transport in the hope of deterring crime, and in mobile police surveillance vehicles, often with automatic number plate recognition, and a network of APNI-linked cameras is used to manage London's congestion charging zone.\r\nA more open question is whether most CCTV is cost-effective. While low-quality domestic kits are cheap the professional installation and maintenance of high definition CCTV is expensive. Gill and Spriggs did a Cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA) of CCTV in crime prevention that showed little monetary saving with the installation of CCTV as most of the crimes prevented resulted in little monetary loss. Critics however noted that benefits of non-monetary value cannot be captured in a traditional Cost Effectiveness Analysis and were omitted from their study. A 2008 Report by UK Police Chiefs concluded that only 3% of crimes were solved by CCTV. In London, a Metropolitan Police report showed that in 2008 only one crime was solved per 1000 cameras. In some cases CCTV cameras have become a target of attacks themselves.\r\nCities such as Manchester in the UK are using DVR-based technology to improve accessibility for crime prevention.\r\nIn October 2009, an &quot;Internet Eyes&quot; website was announced which would pay members of the public to view CCTV camera images from their homes and report any crimes they witnessed. The site aimed to add &quot;more eyes&quot; to cameras which might be insufficiently monitored. Civil liberties campaigners criticized the idea as &quot;a distasteful and a worrying development&quot;.\r\nIn 2013 Oaxaca hired deaf police officers to lip read conversations to uncover criminal conspiracies.\r\nIn Singapore, since 2012, thousands of CCTV cameras have helped deter loan sharks, nab litterbugs and stop illegal parking, according to government figures.\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: bold; \">Body worn</span>\r\nIn recent years, the use of body worn video cameras has been introduced for a number of uses. For example, as a new form of surveillance in law enforcement, with cameras located on a police officer's chest or head.\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: bold; \">Industrial processes</span>\r\nIndustrial processes that take place under conditions dangerous for humans are today often supervised by CCTV. These are mainly processes in the chemical industry, the interior of reactors or facilities for manufacture of nuclear fuel. Special cameras for some of these purposes include line-scan cameras and thermographic cameras which allow operators to measure the temperature of the processes. The usage of CCTV in such processes is sometimes required by law.\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: bold; \">Traffic monitoring</span>\r\nMany cities and motorway networks have extensive traffic-monitoring systems, using closed-circuit television to detect congestion and notice accidents. Many of these cameras however, are owned by private companies and transmit data to drivers' GPS systems.\r\nThe UK Highways Agency has a publicly owned CCTV network of over 3000 Pan-Tilt-Zoom cameras covering the British motorway and trunk road network. These cameras are primarily used to monitor traffic conditions and are not used as speed cameras. With the addition of fixed cameras for the active traffic management system, the number of cameras on the Highways Agency's CCTV network is likely to increase significantly over the next few years.\r\nThe London congestion charge is enforced by cameras positioned at the boundaries of and inside the congestion charge zone, which automatically read the licence plates of cars. If the driver does not pay the charge then a fine will be imposed. Similar systems are being developed as a means of locating cars reported stolen.\r\nOther surveillance cameras serve as traffic enforcement cameras.\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: bold; \">Transport safety</span>\r\nA CCTV system may be installed where any example, on a Driver-only operated train CCTV cameras may allow the driver to confirm that people are clear of doors before closing them and starting the train.\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: bold; \">Sporting events</span>\r\nMany sporting events in the United States use CCTV inside the venue for fans to see the action while they are away from their seats. The cameras send the feed to a central control center where a producer selects feeds to send to the television monitors that fans can view. CCTV monitors for viewing the event by attendees are often placed in lounges, hallways, and restrooms. This use of CCTV is not used for surveillance purposes.\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: bold; \">Monitor employees</span>\r\nOrganizations use CCTV to monitor the actions of workers. Every action is recorded as an information block with subtitles that explain the performed operation. This helps to track the actions of workers, especially when they are making critical financial transactions, such as correcting or cancelling of a sale, withdrawing money or altering personal information.\r\nActions which an employer may wish to monitor could include:\r\n<ul><li>Scanning of goods, selection of goods, introduction of price and quantity;</li><li>Input and output of operators in the system when entering passwords;</li><li>Deleting operations and modifying existing documents;</li><li>Implementation of certain operations, such as financial statements or operations with cash;</li><li>Moving goods, revaluation scrapping and counting;</li><li>Control in the kitchen of fast food restaurants;</li><li>Change of settings, reports and other official functions.</li></ul>\r\nEach of these operations is transmitted with a description, allowing detailed monitoring of all actions of the operator. Some systems allow the user to search for a specific event by time of occurrence and text description, and perform statistical evaluation of operator behaviour. This allows the software to predict deviations from the standard workflow and record only anomalous behaviour.\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: bold; \">Use in schools</span>\r\nIn the United States, Britain, Australia and New Zealand, CCTV is widely used in schools due to its success in preventing bullying, vandalism, monitoring visitors and maintaining a record of evidence in the event of a crime. There are some restrictions on installation, with cameras not being installed in an area where there is a &quot;reasonable expectation of privacy&quot;, such as bathrooms, gym locker areas and private offices (unless consent by the office occupant is given). Сameras are generally acceptable in hallways, parking lots, front offices where students, employees, and parents come and go, gymnasiums, cafeterias, supply rooms and classrooms. The installation of cameras in classrooms may be objected to by some teachers.\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: bold; \">Criminal use</span>\r\nCriminals may use surveillance cameras to monitor the public. For example, a hidden camera at an ATM can capture people's PINs as they are entered, without their knowledge. The devices are small enough not to be noticed, and are placed where they can monitor the keypad of the machine as people enter their PINs. Images may be transmitted wirelessly to the criminal. Even lawful surveillance cameras sometimes have their data go into the hands of people who have no legal right to receive it.\r\n\r\n<span style=\"text-decoration: underline; \"><span style=\"font-weight: bold; \">Technological developments</span></span>\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: bold; \">Computer-controlled analytics and identification</span>\r\nComputer-controlled cameras can identify, track, and categorize objects in their field of view.\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: bold; \">Video content analysis (VCA)</span> is the capability of automatically analyzing video to detect and determine temporal events not based on a single image, but rather object classification. As such, it can be seen as the automated equivalent of the biological visual cortex.\r\nA system using VCA can recognize changes in the environment and even identify and compare objects in the database using size, speed, and sometimes colour. The camera's actions can be programmed based on what it is &quot;seeing&quot;. For example; an alarm can be issued if an object has moved in a certain area, or if a painting is missing from a wall, or if a smoke or fire is detected, or if running people are detected, or if fallen people are detected and if someone has spray painted the lens, as well as video loss, lens cover, defocus and other so called camera tampering events.\r\nVCA analytics can also be used to detect unusual patterns in an environment. The system can be set to detect anomalies in a crowd, for instance a person moving in the opposite direction in airports where passengers are supposed to walk only in one direction out of a plane or in a subway where people are not supposed to exit through the entrances.\r\nVCA can track people on a map by calculating their position from the images. It is then possible to link many cameras and track a person through an entire building or area. This can allow a person to be followed without having to analyze many hours of film. Currently the cameras have difficulty identifying individuals from video alone, but if connected to a key-card system, identities can be established and displayed as a tag over their heads on the video.\r\nThere is also a significant difference in where the VCA technology is placed, either the data is being processed within the cameras (on the edge) or by a centralized server. Both technologies have their pros and cons.\r\nA <span style=\"font-weight: bold; \">facial recognition system</span> is a computer application for automatically identifying or verifying a person from a digital image or a video frame from a video source. One of the ways to do this is by comparing selected facial features from the image and a facial database.\r\nThe combination of CCTV and facial recognition has been tried as a form of mass surveillance, but has been ineffective because of the low discriminating power of facial recognition technology and the very high number of false positives generated. This type of system has been proposed to compare faces at airports and seaports with those of suspected terrorists or other undesirable entrants.[citation needed] Computerized monitoring of CCTV images is under development, so that a human CCTV operator does not have to endlessly look at all the screens, allowing an operator to observe many more CCTV cameras.[citation needed] These systems do not observe people directly. Insta Types of body-movement behavior, or particular types of clothing or baggage.\r\nTo many, the development of CCTV in public areas, linked to computer databases of people's pictures and identity, presents a serious breach of civil liberties. Conservative critics fear the possibility that one would no longer have anonymity in public places. Demonstrations or assemblies in public places could be affected as the state would be able to collate lists of those leading them, taking part, or even just talking with protesters in the street.\r\nComparatively harmless are people counter systems. They use CCTV equipment as front end eyes of devices which perform shape recognition technology in order to identify objects as human beings and count people passing pre-defined areas.\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: bold; \">Retention, storage and preservation</span>\r\nMost CCTV systems may record and store digital video and images to a digital video recorder (DVR) or, in the case of IP cameras, directly to a server, either on-site or offsite.\r\nThere is a cost in the retention of the images produced by CCTV systems. The amount and quality of data stored on storage media is subject to compression ratios, images stored per second, image size and is effected by the retention period of the videos or images. DVRs store images in a variety of proprietary file formats. Recordings may be retained for a preset amount of time and then automatically archived, overwritten or deleted, the period being determined by the organisation that generated them.\r\nClosed-circuit digital photography (CCDP)\r\nClosed-circuit digital photography (CCDP) is more suited for capturing and saving recorded high-resolution photographs, whereas closed-circuit television (CCTV) is more suitable for live-monitoring purposes.\r\nHowever, an important feature of some CCTV systems is the ability to take high resolution images of the camera scene, e.g. on a time lapse or motion-detection basis. Images taken with a digital still camera often have higher resolution than those taken with some video cameras. Increasingly, low-cost high-resolution digital still cameras can also be used for CCTV purposes.\r\nImages may be monitored remotely when the computer is connected to a network.\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: bold; \">IP cameras</span>\r\nA&nbsp; growing branch in CCTV is internet protocol cameras (IP cameras). It is estimated that 2014 was the first year that IP cameras outsold analog cameras. IP cameras use the Internet Protocol (IP) used by most Local Area Networks (LANs) to transmit video across data networks in digital form. IP can optionally be transmitted across the public internet, allowing users to view their cameras through any internet connection available through a computer or a phone, this is considered remote access. For professional or public infrastructure security applications, IP video is restricted to within a private network or VPN, or can be recorded onto a remote server.\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: bold; \">Networking CCTV cameras</span>\r\nThe city of Chicago operates a networked video surveillance system which combines CCTV video feeds of government agencies with those of the private sector, installed in city buses, businesses, public schools, subway stations, housing projects etc. Even homeowners are able to contribute footage. It is estimated to incorporate the video feeds of a total of 15,000 cameras.\r\nThe system is used by Chicago's Office of Emergency Management in case of an emergency call: it detects the caller's location and instantly displays the real-time video feed of the nearest security camera to the operator, not requiring any user intervention. While the system is far too vast to allow complete real-time monitoring, it stores the video data for later usage in order to provide possible evidence in criminal cases.\r\nNew York City has a similar network called the Domain Awareness System.\r\nLondon also has a network of CCTV systems that allows multiple authorities to view and control CCTV cameras in real time. The system allows authorities including the Metropolitan Police Service, Transport for London and a number of London boroughs to share CCTV images between them. It uses a network protocol called Television Network Protocol to allow access to many more cameras than each individual system owner could afford to run and maintain.\r\nThe Glynn County Police Department uses a wireless mesh-networked system of portable battery-powered tripods for live megapixel video surveillance and central monitoring of tactical police situations. The systems can be used either on a stand-alone basis with secure communications to nearby police laptops, or within a larger mesh system with multiple tripods feeding video back to the command vehicle via wireless, and to police headquarters via 3G.\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: bold; \">Integrated systems</span>\r\nIntegrated systems allow different security systems, like CCTV, access control, intruder alarms and intercoms to operate together. For example, when an intruder alarm is activated, CCTV cameras covering the intrusion area are recorded at a higher frame rate and transmitted to an Alarm Receiving Centre.\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: bold; \">Wireless security cameras</span>\r\nMany consumers are turning to wireless security cameras for home surveillance. Wireless cameras do not require a video cable for video/audio transmission, simply a cable for power. Wireless cameras are also easy and inexpensive to install, but lack the reliability of hard-wired cameras. Previous generations of wireless security cameras relied on analog technology; modern wireless cameras use digital technology which delivers crisper audio, sharper video, and a secure and interference-free signal.\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: bold;\">Talking CCTV</span>\r\nIn Wiltshire, UK, 2003, a pilot scheme for what is now known as &quot;Talking CCTV&quot; was put into action; allowing operators of CCTV cameras to order offenders to stop what they were doing, ranging from ordering subjects to pick up their rubbish and put it in a bin to ordering groups of vandals to disperse. In 2005, Ray Mallon, the mayor and former senior police officer of Middlesbrough implemented &quot;Talking CCTV&quot; in his area.\r\nOther towns have had such cameras installed. 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